Iranian Energy Economics

Abstract As one of the strategic production inputs, energy has always drawn the attention of policymakers and economists, and humans' ever-increasing need for this input cannot be disregarded. Therefore, access to energy is one of life's essential requirements to reach higher levels of development. Petrol is one of the important energy carriers, and policymaking regarding this fuel has always been a controversial topic in Iran. In fact, petrol becoming a distinctive commodity in the eyes of Iranians has led to petrol pricing having extensive economic, political, and social aspects. In the present study, the Vector Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method is applied in order to investigate the impacts of petrol prices on the Human Development Index (HDI). The period under study is 1980-2019. The variables used in the model include the HDI, the Gini coefficient, inflation rate, Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of production, and petrol price. The results indicate that in a long-term perspective, petrol price and the Gini coefficient are the variables with significant negative effects on the HDI, and the inflation rate and TFP of production are the variables with significant positive effects on the corresponding index. As a result, due to the negative impact of gasoline price increase on the human development index, necessary considerations should be taken into account to increase the price of gasoline in Iran's economy, and other policies such as increasing the productivity of production factors should be used to reduce the negative effects of this policy.

Abstract Strategically, the Caspian region has become one of the most important parts of the world in recent years due to the existence of energy reserves and its transfer to consumer markets consequently it draws the attention of regional powers and global superpowers. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the increase in the number of coastal countries, different views and opinions have been expressed about the ruling legal regime of the Caspian Sea. This article employs the equal arc sharing model and combines different methods of division, divides the map and area of the Caspian Sea fairly, and tries to pay attention to the principle of justice and fairness simultaneously. The main question of this article is determining the portion of each of the Caspian littoral countries in the harvest of proved reserves in energy resources. The results show that the share of each country in the common area will be 20%. In total, Kazakhstan (28%), Iran (23%), Russia (22%), Turkmenistan (14%), and Azerbaijan (13%) allocate occupancy of the Caspian Sea area.
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Abstract The swift expansion of urban areas in OPEC member countries and the great reliance their economy has on the consumption of crude oil have led to drastic environmental changes in these states. Therefore, it is important to investigate the factors influencing the emission of CO2 such as economic growth, energy consumption, and urbanization in these countries. Economic growth and energy consumption are among the other influential factors. In this article, the effect of economic growth, energy consumption, and urbanization on the emission of CO2 has been studied. Thus, a sample of eight OPEC members was chosen for the duration of 2008 to 2018. Due to the effects of proximity, a spatial econometric approach was taken to investigate the spillover effects of neighboring countries. The results showed the existence of spatial reliance between the countries under study. The separate analysis of the spillover demonstrated that the effect of both economic and local urban population growth (direct) and spillover (indirect) increased the emission of CO2 in each country and its neighboring state, but the amount of direct effect was more than the indirect on other countries. The reality that environmental pollution resulting from economic growth and the development of urban areas and the increase of the consumption of nonrenewable energy in each of the studied countries also influence the environment of their neighboring states has laid the foundation for cooperation between neighboring OPEC countries to develop the technology to produce clean, renewable energy.

Abstract One of the issues which internationally is important in the oil industry is related to the Upstream industry of oil contracts. Changes made in these contracts consist of differences made directly in relation to the importance of the number of hydrocarbon sources and the number of shares each party is going to gain. If more structure of these contracts is emphasized and fortified, more duties and places of each party will be complicated. In this research, the comparison is made between two contract models which have been recently proposed and overviewed. The criterion used in selected contracts is from the National Iranian south oil company (NISOC) and Iranian Petroleum Contracts (IPC). The research has concentrated on the efficient economic cost role used in these contracts. A questionnaire was conducted based on the analytical hierarchy process, and a survey was conducted among the professionals of the oil industry. The results showed that most of those who participated in the survey agreed that the National Iranian South Oil Company’s Contract (NISOC) has a better criterion for the efficient role in economic cost

Abstract The main purpose of this study is to investigate the migration of bubbles from the oil market to the stock exchange. First, using the method of Phillips et al. (2015), bubbles were discovered and dated in the Iranian heavy oil market in the monthly period 1980-2020 and the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2008-2020. Then, using the method presented by Gomez-Gonzales et al. (2018), the migration of bubbles from the oil market to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2020-2008 was investigated. The results showed that Iranian heavy oil has 9 bubble cycles in the period under study. Also, six bubbles were observed in the period under review for the Tehran Stock Exchange. The findings indicate the closeness of the ninth bubble in the oil market and the fourth bubble in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The hypothesis of bubble migration from the oil market to the Tehran Stock Exchange was tested in this period. The results of the hypothesis test indicate the acceptance of bubble migration from the oil market to the Tehran Stock Exchange.

Abstract The increasing population and rising demand for water and energy supply, along with the exacerbation of environmental pollution effects on natural and human resources, demonstrate the vital need for a cohesive movement toward the water, energy, and environment Nexus (WEEN). Since the electricity generation industry has a significant share in water and fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions in Iran, in this study, the application of a combined renewable system in the Zarand Steam Power Plant was evaluated based on the Nexus approach. Solar system designing and carbon balance evaluation during plant lifetime was conducted via PVSyst software in 2021. Also, an environmental model of ReCipe was applied to evaluate the effect of carbon reduction on the ecosystem. The results have shown that replacement of at least 1% of the nominal capacity of the fossil power plant with renewable sources, will significantly prevent 1249/46 t CO₂ emission annually in this power plant which is equivalent to 362/160 m³ fossil resources storage and 373/73 TOE.year^-1 energy savings. Also, the results showed that in addition to protecting valuable natural resources, the combined cycle will lead to a significant reduction in water demand equivalent to 3660 m³ having the capacity of supplying underground water resources. Considering the benefits of saving water and energy resources and reducing carbon emissions, from the NEXUS approach, in addition to managing energy supply through replacing resources and using water and heat recovery technologies, applying energy demand management policies based on energy efficiency and its environmental effects is suggested.
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