مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
ebrahim bahrami nia; Samaneh Noraniazad; Seyed hosein izadi; Reza Shamsolahi
Abstract
In recent years, the surge in greenhouse gas emissions, environmental degradation, and climate change has emerged as a pivotal concern for environmental planners and policymakers. Given the predominant role of fossil fuels in carbon dioxide emissions, this study focuses on mitigating emissions, particularly ...
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In recent years, the surge in greenhouse gas emissions, environmental degradation, and climate change has emerged as a pivotal concern for environmental planners and policymakers. Given the predominant role of fossil fuels in carbon dioxide emissions, this study focuses on mitigating emissions, particularly in nations with robust fossil fuel economies. The primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of financial development and governance quality on carbon dioxide emissions within oil-exporting countries, utilizing the panel smooth transition regression model spanning the period 2000-2021. The findings substantiate the presence of a nonlinear relationship between financial development and carbon dioxide emissions. Initially, financial development exerts a positive and significant impact on emissions; however, beyond a certain threshold, this effect reverses, becoming negative. Regarding governance effectiveness, many oil-exporting nations wield substantial market influence due to their significant oil revenues. Notably, oil exporting-firms of these countries are predominantly state-owned or quasi-state firms. Their insulation from competitive threats, coupled with a lack of adherence to regulatory frameworks, has resulted in elevated carbon dioxide emissions under both governance regimes.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Esmael Torkamani; Mohammad Hassan Fotros
Abstract
Energy supply and ensuring energy security for countries is a vital goal to achieve growth and sustainable development. Energy security provides a country's ability to meet current and future energy demand, resilience, and responsiveness to minimize systematic shocks to supply disruptions. This study ...
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Energy supply and ensuring energy security for countries is a vital goal to achieve growth and sustainable development. Energy security provides a country's ability to meet current and future energy demand, resilience, and responsiveness to minimize systematic shocks to supply disruptions. This study uses five dimensions; Availability, Accessibility, Affordability, Acceptability, and Develop-ability, as well as by using entropy-weight and TOPSIS method, the composite index of Iran's energy security for the period 1980-2019 has been measured. The results show that Iran's energy security has decreased in the period under review. The highest level of energy security was 0.716 in 1982 and the lowest level was 0.272 in 2018. Also, the level of energy security was higher than 0.5 in the periods 1980 to 1987 and 1991 to 1993, and lower than 0.5 in the periods 1988 to 1990 and 1994 to 2019.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Akbar Sheidaei habashi; Seyed Kamal Sadeghi; Davood Behboudi
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate different levels of country risk and its role in the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Iran, during the period (1997-2021). In terms of purpose, this research is of applied type and in terms of causal-analytical method, ...
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The purpose of this research is to investigate different levels of country risk and its role in the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Iran, during the period (1997-2021). In terms of purpose, this research is of applied type and in terms of causal-analytical method, and the method of collecting information is of documentary-library type. After calculating the threshold value of each variable, we analyzed the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth using the threshold distance of different country risks. The results indicate the non-linear effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth under different risks in the country. This research is one of the first studies in Iran that analyzed the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth based on a risk-based approach. According to the regression model described in the current research, this research provides suggestions for developing a suitable strategic plan with the aim of specifying short-term and long-term goals, and future vision, as a road map for those involved.
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مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Maryam Taiiari; Mahmoud Mahmoudzadeh; Mir Hossein Mousavi
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of ICT due to ecological footprint from the perspective of individual effect and the trend of the 113 countries' reserves and land production in selected developing countries using the data panel method in the period 1992-2018. The results showed that ...
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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of ICT due to ecological footprint from the perspective of individual effect and the trend of the 113 countries' reserves and land production in selected developing countries using the data panel method in the period 1992-2018. The results showed that increasing the mobile penetration rate increased greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide emissions and increased the ecological footprint effect. However, increasing the Internet penetration rate has reduced carbon dioxide emissions, increased greenhouse gases, and increased ecological footprint. Therefore, ICT use in these countries has not yet been effective in improving the environment. In the short term, there is a positive relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation in these countries, and economic growth worsens the quality of the environment. And in the long term, there is evidence of the Kuznets hypothesis being correct. Dynamic analysis showed that the use of ICT has been effective in improving the environment and this effect lasts for at least a decade. Technology shocks have an immediate effect on improving some environmental indicators and the range of effects on some indicators appears in the long term. In these countries, the production of ICT has no relative advantage, but they can benefit from the economic and environmental benefits of ICT.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Sheller Ayazi; Sedigheh Atrkar Roshan; Ismail Safarzadeh
Abstract
In recent decades, due to environmental pollution and the depletion of fossil fuel resources, the consumption of renewable energy sources has been increasing relative to non-renewable ones in many countries. The objective of this paper is to vigorously examine the impact of fossil and renewable energy ...
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In recent decades, due to environmental pollution and the depletion of fossil fuel resources, the consumption of renewable energy sources has been increasing relative to non-renewable ones in many countries. The objective of this paper is to vigorously examine the impact of fossil and renewable energy consumption on economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, with a specific focus on oil-producing and non-oil-producing nations. In this research, 20 developing countries, including 10 oil-exporting nations and 10 non-oil-producing ones, were examined from 2000 to 2019 using panel data analysis, dynamic ordinary least squares, and Granger causality tests. The estimation results show that a 1 percent increase in renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, leads to an increase of 0.32 and 0.007 percent of GDP in oil-producing and 0.169 and 0.188 percent in non-oil-producing countries respectively. On the other hand, increased consumption of fossil fuels in oil-producing countries corresponds to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions, while the utilization of renewable energy sources in these countries leads to a decrease in CO2 emissions. Conversely, in non-oil-producing countries, an increase in the consumption of non-renewable energy sources is associated with elevated carbon dioxide emissions, while the incorporation of renewable energy sources leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions. The research results emphasize that endeavors to stimulate economic growth are accompanied by heightened carbon emissions and environmental degradation. Additionally, the findings highlight the significant role of renewable energy sources in controlling carbon dioxide emissions in both oil-rich and non-oil countries.Based on the results, a one percent increase in renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in both groups of countries leads to an increase in GDP. As an increase in fossil energy consumption in oil-producing countries rises the emission of carbon dioxide, and the use of renewable energy in this group of countries reduces the emission of carbon dioxide. In non-oil countries, the increase in the consumption of non-renewable energy rises the emission of carbon dioxide. Also, the consumption of renewable energy in this group of countries reduces the emission of carbon dioxide. The results of the present study show that in the studied countries, efforts to strengthen economic growth lead to increased carbon emissions and environmental degradation. The findings also indicate the positive effect of non-renewable energy sources on carbon dioxide emissions in both groups of oil-rich and non-oil countries and the positive effect of renewable sources on controlling carbon dioxide emissions.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Seyed Ali Emami; Seyed Yahya Abtahi; Zohreh Tabatabaienasab; Mohamad Ali Dehghan Tafti
Abstract
In this paper, the relationship between energy consumption and total factor productivity (TFP) in the industrial sector in Iran has been investigated using threshold-type nonlinear relationships. The results of estimating a two-threshold model in a sample including data related to 110 industrial branches ...
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In this paper, the relationship between energy consumption and total factor productivity (TFP) in the industrial sector in Iran has been investigated using threshold-type nonlinear relationships. The results of estimating a two-threshold model in a sample including data related to 110 industrial branches during the years 2002-2019 show that the effect of energy consumption on the TFP in the industry sector is state-dependent on the energy consumption state or regime and the energy consumption variable coefficients in all regimes has a negative and significant effect on the TFP. If the energy consumption in Iran's industrial sector exceeds a certain threshold, the negative effect of energy consumption on the TFP will intensify. Also, the effect of energy consumption on the TFP in the industry sector is a state dependent on the TFP state or regime, so in low TFP regimes or states, the effect of energy consumption on the TFP of industries is considerable, but in high TFP regimes, industries with higher TFP have a much lower negative impact of energy consumption on their TFP.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Sima Arabani; masomeh Latifi Benmaran
Abstract
During the last decade, the international price of crude oil has experienced frequent periods of volatility; which has motivated researchers to investigate how oil price uncertainty affects economic activities and financial markets. Reasonably, oil, as a direct or indirect input factor, can strongly ...
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During the last decade, the international price of crude oil has experienced frequent periods of volatility; which has motivated researchers to investigate how oil price uncertainty affects economic activities and financial markets. Reasonably, oil, as a direct or indirect input factor, can strongly affect the cost of production and profitability expectations of companies. Accordingly, oil price changes can change the company's decision-making and performance. In this regard, we have investigated in the present research the impact of crude oil price volatility on the leverage criteria of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, we have used the data of 160 selected companies during the period of 2011 to 2019. We used the panel data method in order to analyze the collected data. The findings of the research showed that crude oil price volatility had negative and significant effects on the leverage criteria of listed companies. Therefore, we concluded that companies reduce their demand for financing to overcome the uncertainty of oil prices. Consequently, an increase in uncertainty in oil prices can motivate companies to reduce their demand for external financing and thus reduce their leverage.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Somayeh Azami; Pouria Mohammadi
Abstract
GDP is one of the factors affecting energy consumption and climate change. This study examines the impact of GDP on energy consumption in OPEC countries in two stages. In the first stage, based on the panel causality test, the causal relationship between GDP and energy consumption was investigated, and ...
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GDP is one of the factors affecting energy consumption and climate change. This study examines the impact of GDP on energy consumption in OPEC countries in two stages. In the first stage, based on the panel causality test, the causal relationship between GDP and energy consumption was investigated, and the results indicate a one-way causal relationship from GDP to energy consumption. In the second stage, using a dynamic panel threshold regression model, this study investigated the role of energy intensity (one of the important indicators of energy efficiency) in the relationship between energy consumption and the GDP of OPEC countries. The results showed that at values above the threshold level of energy intensity (7.27), GDP significantly increases energy consumption, while at values below this level, GDP has a positive and non-significant effect on energy consumption. Without considering the control variables, at values above the threshold level of energy intensity (6.91), GDP significantly increases energy consumption, while at values below this level, GDP has a negative and non-significant effect on energy consumption. In energy and environmental policy-making, paying attention to energy intensity can lead to sustainable economic growth. Also, the results of this study are related to the Kuznets Environmental Curve Hypothesis; at low-intensity energy levels, increased GDP does not necessarily lead to environmental damage.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Ali Moridian; Zahra Azizi
Abstract
The impact of technological advances on energy consumption is one of the topics that has been considered by many researchers and policymakers. Numerous researchers have tried to evaluate this relationship based on various technology indicators. The index of economic complexity is one of the new indicators ...
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The impact of technological advances on energy consumption is one of the topics that has been considered by many researchers and policymakers. Numerous researchers have tried to evaluate this relationship based on various technology indicators. The index of economic complexity is one of the new indicators that has been used in recent years to measure the level of knowledge and technology in the production structure. In this paper, the index of economic complexity along with energy prices and GDP have been used as determining factors of energy consumption in Iran during the period 1976 to 2018. Quantile regression results show that the coefficients of the variables are different in the deciles. The impact of economic complexity on energy consumption in all deciles has been positive, indicating the dominance of the rebound effect on energy consumption. Price elasticity is less than one in all deciles and less in the higher consumption deciles. In contrast, the income elasticity of energy demand was higher in the upper deciles
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Zeynab Bavi; Sahar Motamedi; Nasser Saeedi; Fatemeh Hosseinpour
Abstract
As one of the strategic production inputs, energy has always drawn the attention of policymakers and economists, and humans' ever-increasing need for this input cannot be disregarded. Therefore, access to energy is one of life's essential requirements to reach higher levels of development. Petrol is ...
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As one of the strategic production inputs, energy has always drawn the attention of policymakers and economists, and humans' ever-increasing need for this input cannot be disregarded. Therefore, access to energy is one of life's essential requirements to reach higher levels of development. Petrol is one of the important energy carriers, and policymaking regarding this fuel has always been a controversial topic in Iran. In fact, petrol becoming a distinctive commodity in the eyes of Iranians has led to petrol pricing having extensive economic, political, and social aspects. In the present study, the Vector Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method is applied in order to investigate the impacts of petrol prices on the Human Development Index (HDI). The period under study is 1980-2019. The variables used in the model include the HDI, the Gini coefficient, inflation rate, Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of production, and petrol price. The results indicate that in a long-term perspective, petrol price and the Gini coefficient are the variables with significant negative effects on the HDI, and the inflation rate and TFP of production are the variables with significant positive effects on the corresponding index. As a result, due to the negative impact of gasoline price increase on the human development index, necessary considerations should be taken into account to increase the price of gasoline in Iran's economy, and other policies such as increasing the productivity of production factors should be used to reduce the negative effects of this policy.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Ali Asghar Salem; Masoumeh azizkhani
Abstract
Despite the importance of energy inequality issues in Iran, the depth and extent of this issue have been neglected and have not been examined. The necessity of social justice, having an advanced society, and reducing the effects of energy inequality in the economic, social, and cultural growth and development ...
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Despite the importance of energy inequality issues in Iran, the depth and extent of this issue have been neglected and have not been examined. The necessity of social justice, having an advanced society, and reducing the effects of energy inequality in the economic, social, and cultural growth and development in a country, cause this issue to be investigated. The goal of this study is to identify and evaluate the factors that play an important role in energy inequality. Hence, this study investigated the impact of economic-social parameters on energy inequality by using the combined data method for 31 countries during 2009-2020. This research results show that three factors of population, energy price, and GDP have a negative and significant effect on the inequality of energy consumption. Also, variables such as government current expenditures and education have a significant and positive effect on energy consumption inequality. On the other hand, urbanism and development expenditures of the government have no noticeable relation with energy inequality
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Mohammad Shirijian; Ali Taherifard
Abstract
In this study, the optimum oil production pattern from the Frouzan oil field is extracted and compared using the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) optimal control method in the framework of Buy Back contract in the form of a scenario and the framework of the Production Sharing Contract in terms of different ...
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In this study, the optimum oil production pattern from the Frouzan oil field is extracted and compared using the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) optimal control method in the framework of Buy Back contract in the form of a scenario and the framework of the Production Sharing Contract in terms of different amounts of profit oil ratio in the three scenarios. Comparing the optimal route of oil production from the field in the framework of these two contracts, it is concluded that the annual production level and cumulative production will increase by increasing the ratio of profit oil and subsequently increasing the share of the contractor (or foreign oil company) as the operator of the production sharing contract. The optimum increases from the Forouzan field and by increasing the mentioned ratio from a threshold value, it is even higher than the level of annual production and optimal accumulation of the Buy-Back contract.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Syrous Omidvar
Abstract
More than 113 years have passed since the gradual formation of "oil-gas Iran" since the drilling rig in the number one well of Masjed-e-Soliman reached oil on May 25, 1908. The fact is that during this period, on the one hand, the wealth and income of natural oil and gas resources were not necessarily ...
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More than 113 years have passed since the gradual formation of "oil-gas Iran" since the drilling rig in the number one well of Masjed-e-Soliman reached oil on May 25, 1908. The fact is that during this period, on the one hand, the wealth and income of natural oil and gas resources were not necessarily "fairly" distributed among all Iranians who are the main owners of these resources; on the contrary, in many cases, they have been distributed among the influential groups in the form of unjust government rents, and on the other hand, these resources have not been used as they should be in the service of the country's economic growth. Given these two facts, the two main problems of this research are: 1) Based on which value theory can the wealth and income of oil and gas resources be more fairly distributed among all Iranians? 2) How can such a fairer distribution be used to achieve high and sustainable economic growth? The research method is that by examining the basic features of common support schemes and reviewing the value bases of such schemes in the form of several theories of justice and with the pathology of those schemes, the implementation of a basic income plan (UBI) which is financed mainly through wealth and revenue from oil and gas resources, defended as a fairer and more efficient plan than current support schemes. In the following, the different methods of financing this project and the mechanisms of its impact on economic growth are examined. Finally, it is argued that during a virtuous circle, on the one hand, a "universal basic income institution" in addition to eradicating poverty, can lead to high and sustainable economic growth, and on the other hand, how this economic growth can continuously increase the amount of UBI for the current generation and future generations.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
hosein amirrahimi; Seyyed Shamseddin Hosseini; Seyyed Mohammad Reza Seyyed Noorani; Teymour Mohammadi; Esmaeil Safarzadeh
Abstract
In recent years, privatization in the downstream industries of oil and gas , has been one of the most important measures taken to change and improve the business environment and remove barriers of production, as well as to implement of the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution. This study ...
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In recent years, privatization in the downstream industries of oil and gas , has been one of the most important measures taken to change and improve the business environment and remove barriers of production, as well as to implement of the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution. This study intends to check out eleven variables related to the performance of six companies: Isfahan Oil Refinery, Bandar Abbas Oil Refinery, Tehran Oil Refinery, Lavan Oil Refinery, Shiraz Oil Refinery and Tabriz Oil Refinery by DID (fuzzy) method and compare it with control groups in order to Assess the privatization status of these companies. The results of this study show that two variables out of the eleven variables -, the ratio of general administrative and sales costs to revenues and the number of staff before and after the transfer, were significant for the control group. In other words, the employment situation and general administrative and sales costs in the companies under review were more unsatisfactory than the control group and in this regard, they had poor performance. This shows that in practice, the transfer of these companies has not affected the employment situation, positively.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Mohamad Sayadi; Siab Mamipour; Hoda Talebi
Abstract
Due to the increasing use of storage as one of the effective methods for peak demand management and increasing the reliability of the electricity network, prioritizing the use of storage is necessary. The purpose of this study was to conduct a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to prioritize ...
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Due to the increasing use of storage as one of the effective methods for peak demand management and increasing the reliability of the electricity network, prioritizing the use of storage is necessary. The purpose of this study was to conduct a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to prioritize selected sub-distributive substations of Tehran for peak shaving, curve leveling, and economic criteria using battery storage. Also, the Shannon entropy weighting method and SAW implementation method were implemented. After prioritizing the posts and identifying the priority posts, we determine the appropriate size of the storage and determine the delay time, and the amount of benefit from delaying the development of the post when using the electrical energy storage. In this study, we used real data obtained from Tehran Regional Electricity and the data used for the 63 to 20 kW substations “EKBATAN”, “AZADI”, “AZARBAIJAN”, “ABOUZAR”, “SINA”, “DEPO”, and “YAKHCHI-ABAD”. The results show that the maximum installed storage capacity calculated for the priority post (i.e. DEPO) is 119.66 MWh and the maximum storage capacity is 18 MW. The most suitable storage size for installing is 120 MWh. Using the storage at the selected post will delay the development of the post for 7 years and the economic benefit is 40% of the investment cost.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
abdorrasoul ghasemi; Teymour Mohamadi
Abstract
Investigating the effects of climate change on different aspects of social life has been the focus of research in recent decades. The importance of energy for development and growth as well as pollution caused by energy carriers has made it necessary to assess the impact of climate change on the consumption ...
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Investigating the effects of climate change on different aspects of social life has been the focus of research in recent decades. The importance of energy for development and growth as well as pollution caused by energy carriers has made it necessary to assess the impact of climate change on the consumption of various energy carriers including natural gas. This study designed a model for natural gas demand in which in addition to the conventional economic factors, climate variables are considered. Then, we estimate this model for Iran during the years 2003-2015. In addition, variables of GDP and electricity consumption as well as trend variable had the greatest effect on natural gas consumption in the country.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
sanaz karimpour; Abdolrasoul Ghasemi; Teymour Mohamadi
Abstract
Economic sanctions in the field of international relations affect the trade pattern of countries. One of the effective channels of sanctions is exports (as the most important source of foreign exchange supply for countries). In this regard, oil exports to OPEC member countries, especially Iran, are among ...
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Economic sanctions in the field of international relations affect the trade pattern of countries. One of the effective channels of sanctions is exports (as the most important source of foreign exchange supply for countries). In this regard, oil exports to OPEC member countries, especially Iran, are among the most important economic revenues and have a high share in the country's budget. In the present study, the effect of sanctions on the pattern of trade in Iranian crude oil and petroleum products and also the effect of these sanctions on OPEC member countries in the framework of the generalized gravity model using panel data econometric models have been investigated. The research model is based on statistical data from 1988 to 2018 in the form of four periods of sanctions, including the first period of US sanctions, EU sanctions, UN sanctions, and the second period of US sanctions. The findings show that US-era sanctions and EU sanctions have had less of an impact on Iran's oil exports, but UN sanctions have had a significant impact on these oil exports and Iran's share of OPEC exports. According to research findings, other OPEC member countries have not had a significant impact on the replacement of the Iranian oil market, and this shortage has been mainly met by countries outside the OPEC.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حامل‌های انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Hamid Amadeh; shahzad broumand
Abstract
This study has decomposed affecting factors on energy consumption in the agriculture sector (MBOE) by using Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to three structural effects, activity effects, and energy intensity effects during 2006-2014. Also, it's investigated the relationship between GDP growth and ...
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This study has decomposed affecting factors on energy consumption in the agriculture sector (MBOE) by using Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to three structural effects, activity effects, and energy intensity effects during 2006-2014. Also, it's investigated the relationship between GDP growth and energy consumption of the agriculture sector by combining Mean Logarithmic Divisia Index with the decoupling index. The results show that energy consumption of the agriculture sector has increased during that period. Activity effect and structural effect respectively, have the most share in explaining the changes in energy consumption among the mentioned effects, and the intensity effect has a smaller role in explaining the changes in energy consumption. Additionally, the results of applying the decoupling index indicated that the agriculture sector experienced three conditions, including strong negative decoupling, weak decoupling, and expansive negative decoupling during the period of study. In the agriculture sector, after activity effect, i.e., the change of total energy consumption of each sector due to increase of production, the structural effect, i.e., utilize of the energy-intensive industries, not only has more explanatory power than efficient use of energy in the changes in energy consumption but also has the most share in the trend of changes in GDP and changes in energy consumption of aforementioned sector. But the share of effective energy consumption expressed in terms of the intensity effect is less. This conclusion suggests that the use of energy-intensive industries has a greater role in total energy consumption changes and decoupling index changes than an inefficient use of energy.
