Iranian Energy Economics

Abstract This study examines the interrelationships of clean energy, domestic and foreign capital, economic growth, and environmental quality in a group of developing countries during 1995-2018. In this regard, the GMM method has been used. To estimate the impact of domestic and foreign capital development, three different indicators such as foreign direct investment, stock markets, and credits allocated to the private sector have been used. The results show that the increase in clean energy by one to two percent, the emission of carbon dioxide by four, and the increase of foreign direct investment by one percent have increased economic growth. On the other hand, economic growth, while increasing clean energy consumption by an average of 11 percent, has also increased carbon dioxide emissions. Despite the positive mutual relationship between clean energy and economic growth, fossil fuels are still used more in the selected countries. Clean energy projects have lower efficiency and higher financing than other energy supply projects. Therefore, in developing countries, due to a lack of enough capital, few investments are made in these projects.

Abstract Increasing global warming is the result of the gradual accumulation of greenhouse gases in the living environment. Energy production systems in general and electricity production in particular is one of the effective factors in the production of greenhouse gases. Therefore, on the one hand, environmental considerations and on the other hand, the limitation of fossil resources have made it necessary to change the energy production system and replace fossil fuels. In this regard, the use of renewable energy resources such as hydropower can be a good alternative to fossil fuels. This article has studied the effect of hydropower consumption on Iran's environment. Hence article has estimated the short-run and long-run relationship between hydropower consumption and different measures of environmental degradation including ecological footprint, carbon footprint, and CO2 emission in the Iranian economy during 1980-2018. For this purpose, the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach has been used. The estimation of the specified models indicates the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables included in these models and shows that in the short and long run, there is a significant negative relationship between hydropower consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, and carbon footprints. In other words, the use of hydropower in the short and long run reduces the carbon footprint and emissions of carbon dioxide. Hydropower also affects the ecological footprint in the short run.

Abstract In this study, the optimum oil production pattern from the Frouzan oil field is extracted and compared using the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) optimal control method in the framework of Buy Back contract in the form of a scenario and the framework of the Production Sharing Contract in terms of different amounts of profit oil ratio in the three scenarios. Comparing the optimal route of oil production from the field in the framework of these two contracts, it is concluded that the annual production level and cumulative production will increase by increasing the ratio of profit oil and subsequently increasing the share of the contractor (or foreign oil company) as the operator of the production sharing contract. The optimum increases from the Forouzan field and by increasing the mentioned ratio from a threshold value, it is even higher than the level of annual production and optimal accumulation of the Buy-Back contract.

Abstract The present research has been conducted with the aim of the pathology of conservation in the production of the Parsi oil field and providing solutions for improved maintenance production process. For this purpose, using the SWOT approach and analyzing the information collected from the questionnaires was completed by experts and specialists of the National Iranian Oil Company in 1400. The results indicate that the production conditions of protection in the situation of conservative strategies are based on the final scores of the internal and external factors of the SWOT matrix, which are 1.988 and 2.67, respectively. Also, the results show that the expertise and efficiency of the workforce and the existence of knowledge and technology required to use reservoir-based overdraft methods with scores of 0.24 and 0.177, respectively, are the most important strengths. Moreover, lack of principle of safe production in practice due to reasons and lack of comprehensive and specialized planning in accordance with the goals of safe production to convert potential oil into actual at the ministry level with scores of 0.063 and 0.062, respectively, have been identified as the most important weaknesses. In addition, the support of upstream documents on the conservation in the production and the nationality of the NISOC with scores of 0.228 and 0.224, respectively were identified as important opportunities. It should be noted that the existence of restrictive regulations and programs of the Ministry and the existence of some anti-conservation in the production of oil contracts with scores of 0.057 and 0.056, respectively, are the main threats. Therefore, the existence of integrated management with a focus on the conservation in production and attention to internal and external factors could improve the conservation in the production process.

Abstract This study examines the correlation and causal relationship between energy carriers' consumption and Iran’s provinces' gross product for the period 1988-2017 using wavelet analysis with panel data and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test. The results of correlation analysis show that the correlation pattern between energy consumption and GDP, in different energy carriers, is different. The correlation between natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and electricity with GDP is strong at all energy intensity levels. The correlation between furnace oil and GDP is reported to be low and weak for all provinces in the long run. Furthermore, the findings show that in provinces with high energy consumption intensity, consumption of gasoline, fuel oil and total energy have led to GDP in the short run. In high-intensity cases, consumption of kerosene, gas oil, fuel oil and natural gas, in medium intensity all types of energy, and in low intensity, consumption of kerosene, furnace oil and gasoline have led to GDP. In provinces with very low energy consumption, energy carriers' consumption has not led to GDP while in the medium and long term, the feedback hypothesis is proven

Abstract OPEC was established to play a greater role in the international energy system, and over a period of time, the trans-OPEC states have tried to influence the functioning and status of the organization. One of these actors has been the United States, which has influenced the organization by adopting various policies and plans, even after the discovery of Shale technology, which is becoming a major supplier of oil. In this regard, this piece of research seeks to address the important question of how the US energy policies during the Trump presidency affected OPEC? to answer the question, it is hypothesized that with the discovery of Shale technology and its expansion during Trump's presidency, the United States has tried to establish a new international energy order as well as to change the traditional energy geopolitics in order to sideline the organization. This research analyzes the issue by applying the theory of realism as well as using an explanatory method with primary and secondary data including documents, reports, speeches, books, articles, and valid websites. Finally, the findings of the study emphasize the fact that it is necessary for Iranian officials and policymakers to know and understand US energy policies, especially during the Trump era and developments in the global energy system so that to be able to try moderating the consequences of the sanctions and paving the way for Iran’s return as one of the significant players of the field of energy in the international system