• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Marzieh Asgari; Morteza Khorsandi; Abdolrasol Ghasemi
Abstract
Renewable energies are more compatible with the environment and their preparation and production have less pollution. In addition, since there is no end in sight for this type of energy, renewable energies take on a greater share in the world's energy supply system day by day, even in countries with ...
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Renewable energies are more compatible with the environment and their preparation and production have less pollution. In addition, since there is no end in sight for this type of energy, renewable energies take on a greater share in the world's energy supply system day by day, even in countries with fossil energy. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the consumption of renewable energy in OPEC member countries using the panel data approach in the period from 2004 to 2018. In this research, the effects of factors such as good governance index, human capital, intensity of carbon dioxide emission, income (GDP) and crude oil price were investigated. The results of estimating the model using the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS method indicated that the good governance index, human capital, carbon dioxide emission intensity and income (GDP) have a positive and significant effect on the consumption of renewable energy in OPEC member countries, but the price Crude oil has no significant effect on the consumption of this group of energies in the mentioned countries. Factors such as the high cost of establishing renewable industries in OPEC member countries and the dependence of these countries' economies on oil revenues can be considered among the reasons for this result.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Fariborz PARTOVIRAD; Teimor Mohammadi; abbas shkeri; morteza khorsandi
Abstract
Forecasting electricity demand is one of the most important issues of the electrical energy system. Considering the structural changes in electricity demand and the stylized facts of electricity consumption in different sectors of demand, forecasting the amount of electricity demand will clarify the ...
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Forecasting electricity demand is one of the most important issues of the electrical energy system. Considering the structural changes in electricity demand and the stylized facts of electricity consumption in different sectors of demand, forecasting the amount of electricity demand will clarify the prospects of changes in the Iran's electric energy system in the medium and long term. By using new approaches, this prediction will have higher reliability. In this research, using the state-space approach and combining it with Markov regime switching, the main sources of uncertainties were included in the model. By using the data of electric energy feed-in the system to supply electricity demand and the average real price of electricity and temperature and the number of customers in the ten-year period of 2013-2022, the parameters of the model were estimated based on the state-space approach and Markov regime switching. State-space approach in the form of time-varying parameters and Markov switching approach in the form of variance fluctuations were included in the model. The results showed that the model based on this integrated approach gives a more accurate prediction than the classical model of electricity demand. The standard error of the estimated equations is reduced to 0.1 (in the competing model, the standard error of the corresponding equation is 0.03, and in the integrated approach, it is 0.002 for peak and 0.004 off-peak periods). The sensitivity of electricity demand to the real price of electricity and temperature changes is decreasing and the demand for marginal costumer is increasing.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
reza bakhshi
Abstract
The need for development is increasing and the demand for energy is rising. The construction of new power plants has become necessary to meet this growing demand. To protect the environment and conserve finite fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are crucial to the transition to green energy production. ...
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The need for development is increasing and the demand for energy is rising. The construction of new power plants has become necessary to meet this growing demand. To protect the environment and conserve finite fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are crucial to the transition to green energy production. Examining the impact of energy production on the environment is crucial, and not just in terms of financial, economic and geographical factors. The aim of this study is to understand the contribution of renewable and non-renewable power plants to the total emissions generated over a one-year operating period. The RETscreen analysis software was used to estimate the emission coefficient and a cost-benefit analysis method was used to evaluate the environmental impact. The value of each ton of carbon dioxide and the discount rate for environmental effects are key factors in estimating the emission coefficient of the different energy systems. Renewable energy systems have an emission coefficient of zero, while gas turbine systems, two-way gas engines, two-way biogas engines and coal-fired steam turbines have emission coefficients of 700, 747, 45 and 1,509 billion rials, respectively.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Teimor Mohammadi; Azam Abbas Mohsen
Abstract
Energy is a fundamental input in production, and its availability and use are essential for the social, economic, and technological advancement of a nation. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have been increasing along with rising production, primarily sourced from non-renewable resources. ...
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Energy is a fundamental input in production, and its availability and use are essential for the social, economic, and technological advancement of a nation. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have been increasing along with rising production, primarily sourced from non-renewable resources. The increase in production and economic development has led to higher greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in climate change, which poses a new challenge for countries. Energy efficiency is the most beneficial way to reduce greenhouse gases and control energy supply. In this regard, one of the responsibilities of governments is to find tools to minimize the national economy's energy efficiency gap by increasing energy efficiency within the economy.For this purpose, in this study, we used the Shephard energy distance function to define the energy efficiency index and the stochastic frontier analysis technique to estimate the energy efficiency gap in selected oil and gas producing countries from 1990 to 2022. We examined some factors influencing the energy efficiency gap and observed that the energy efficiency gap increased from 6% to 29% during the years under review. Additionally, foreign direct investment and total factor productivity have a negative impact, while urbanization has a positive impact on the energy efficiency gap.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Mohsen Kakakhani; Mojaba Almasi; kiomars sohaili
Abstract
One of the goals of the green economy is to reduce the negative environmental effects caused by the use of natural resources in developing economies. Investigating the separation of economic growth from fossil fuels is a key task that has been addressed in few studies. Therefore, the main purpose of ...
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One of the goals of the green economy is to reduce the negative environmental effects caused by the use of natural resources in developing economies. Investigating the separation of economic growth from fossil fuels is a key task that has been addressed in few studies. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of economic freedom on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels. In this study, the method of estimating the model is based on panel data, which is in the period (2000-2020) and for "developing countries (Iran, Brazil, India and China) and developed countries (America, England, Germany and France)" has been done. The estimated models are presented in the form of multivariate linear regression models according to the research hypotheses. Based on the obtained results, the first hypothesis according to the results of the fixed effects model and the generalized least squares method, the economic freedom variable had a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable (economic growth rate). Therefore, for both groups of Countries at the 95% confidence level, economic freedom had a positive and significant effect on the process of separating economic growth from fossil fuels.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Sara Keshkar; Gholam Ali Kargar; Amir Ansari Ardali
Abstract
This qualitative study investigated the impact of utilizing renewable energy sources in football stadiums. The research focused on experts in sustainable development, stadium managers, and technical engineers involved in the Iranian Football Premier League from 2019 to 2020. Data analysis was conducted ...
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This qualitative study investigated the impact of utilizing renewable energy sources in football stadiums. The research focused on experts in sustainable development, stadium managers, and technical engineers involved in the Iranian Football Premier League from 2019 to 2020. Data analysis was conducted using qualitative content analysis methods. Research participants were selected through purposeful and snowball sampling methods, ultimately leading to 12 interviews that reached theoretical saturation. The analysis resulted in 44 open codes, which were further categorized into three key concepts: environmental management, improving the social and cultural situation, and enhancing the economic status. These categories encompassed areas such as reducing environmental risks, managing energy resources and pollution, improving social attitudes and welfare services, urban beautification, reducing organizational costs, promoting the stadium's brand, and generating income. Given global environmental crises and the impact of sports on the environment, it is recommended that government officials, policymakers, and sports managers support the utilization of renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy in football stadiums. These actions are necessary for sustainable development and carbon-free sports.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
pouyan kiani; Kioumars Heydari; Maryam Nafisi Moghadam
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the price elasticity of household and non-household electricity demand across 31 provinces of Iran from 2011 to 2021. Due to the skewness of the dependent variable, the panel quantile regression method was chosen. The results show that the price elasticity ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the price elasticity of household and non-household electricity demand across 31 provinces of Iran from 2011 to 2021. Due to the skewness of the dependent variable, the panel quantile regression method was chosen. The results show that the price elasticity of household electricity demand ranges of -0.069 to -0.115. The price elasticity demand of non-household ranges from -0.021 to -0.043. It reveals that price elasticities are less than one for both groups. According to the results, electricity is an inelastic good in Iran. Also, the elasticity of electricity demand is higher for households than for non-household. Moreover, the results show that an increas in the price of natural gas, which is the closest substitute for electricity, has had a negligible impact on the electricity demand of the household and non-household sectors. Among other model results, we can mention the incredible influence of demand habits on household and non-household electricity demand.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
fatemeh rastehmoghaddam; mohammad nabi shahiki tash; Emad kazemzadeh
Abstract
Air pollution has been introduced as one of the important issues and concerns of today's human societies. Its impact on the economy and human health is very important and necessary. Epidemiological research shows that air pollutants can lead to cardiovascular diseases and ultimately heart attacks. ...
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Air pollution has been introduced as one of the important issues and concerns of today's human societies. Its impact on the economy and human health is very important and necessary. Epidemiological research shows that air pollutants can lead to cardiovascular diseases and ultimately heart attacks. The current research focuses on the principle that the use of renewable energy sources can help improve air quality and mortality caused by air pollution. In this research, the quantile regression method has been used for the data of RCEP member countries in the period from 2018 to 1996. The results show that in all quantiles, renewable energy is significant and negative, which can finally be concluded that the use of renewable energy in the management of air pollutants helps to reduce mortality and improve air quality. The results also show that an increase in GDP can lead to a decrease in deaths caused by air pollution; While the emission of CO2 and the rate of urbanization increases the mortality caused by air pollution.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Zahra Farshadfar; Sajad Piri
Abstract
High fluctuations in the price of crude oil, as the main source of energy and an important raw material of the global chemical industry, has doubled the importance of accurate estimation and forecasting of its price trend in recent years. The purpose of this applied research, is to increase the ability ...
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High fluctuations in the price of crude oil, as the main source of energy and an important raw material of the global chemical industry, has doubled the importance of accurate estimation and forecasting of its price trend in recent years. The purpose of this applied research, is to increase the ability to predict crude oil prices using non-linear patterns by artificial intelligence. For this purpose, four artificial intelligence networks MLP, RNN, LSTM 3366and GRU have been used and their capabilities compared to each other and the benchmark model, besides their prediction accuracy have been evaluated using the mean squared error method. The studied sample is North Sea Brent crude oil data from Aug 1st 2007 to May 31st 2024 on a daily, monthly and yearly basis.
The results of the research indicate that the network architecture in these models have several advantages in extracting information from the data in order to make more accurate predictions, and the time to obtain future prices is shorter and less error-prone. Also, among the selected non-linear models, GRU has more accurate predictions with less error in different frequencies and in a shorter time.
The results of the research indicate that the network architecture in these models has several advantages in extracting information from the data in order to make more accurate predictions, and the time to obtain future prices is shorter and less error-prone.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Teimor Mohammadi; Azam Abbas Mohsen; Ali Emami Meibodi
Abstract
In recent decades, the role of energy as one of the main factors of economic development and social progress has increased dramatically. distribution and consumption. But these abundant energy resources are faced with challenges and problems such as efficiency gaps in energy consumption. One of the ...
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In recent decades, the role of energy as one of the main factors of economic development and social progress has increased dramatically. distribution and consumption. But these abundant energy resources are faced with challenges and problems such as efficiency gaps in energy consumption. One of the effective factors in the energy efficiency gap is the country's financial system. the financial system can have a significant impact on improving or weakening energy efficiency. The performance of the financial system, on the one hand, has increased energy consumption, which leads to a decrease in energy efficiency, and on the other hand, it improves technology and increases the level of energy efficiency. Therefore, the analysis of the effects of the financial system on the energy efficiency gap can be considered as one of the important issues in the direction of energy policies in Iran.
In this study, the functioning of the financial system on the energy efficiency gap in Iran in the period of 1990-2023 is investigated. First, the energy efficiency gap is estimated using Shepard's energy gap function and stochastic frontier analysis, and then we investigate the effects of financial systems on the energy efficiency gap in those years with the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) technique. The findings indicate that the banking system in the upper regime and the insurance system in the lower regime are effective in reducing the energy efficiency gap in Iran. The capital market in both regimes increases the energy efficiency gap.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Ashkan Rahimzadeh
Abstract
The main goal of the research is to investigate the impact of various factors on energy intensity with emphasis on economic complexity and mutual relationship between financial risk and financial development. The statistical data used in this research are from the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), ...
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The main goal of the research is to investigate the impact of various factors on energy intensity with emphasis on economic complexity and mutual relationship between financial risk and financial development. The statistical data used in this research are from the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), World Bank, energy balance and MIT University website during the years 2000-2022. In order to estimate the target model, the Auto Regressive distributed Lags approach (ARDL approach) has been used in the framework of short-term dynamic model, long-term relationships and error correction model. ARDL model (1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0) was selected with one interval for energy intensity variable and zero interval for all independent variables based on Schwartz-Bayesian criterion. The results of the ARDL dynamic model in the short-term and long-term show: the effect of energy price and capital per capita on energy intensity is indirect. The effect of variables of economic complexity, trade liberalization, urbanization rate and internet users on energy intensity in the short and long term is direct. Despite its statistical significance, the coefficients of domestic investment and labor force are very small and close to zero. The mutual effects of financial risk and financial development, as well as the foreign direct investment variable, did not have a significant effect on energy intensity in both time periods.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Soudabeh Rafiei; seyedmohamadreza seyednourani; Teimor Mohammadi
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to evaluate the progress of fuel subsidies as well as the budgetary and distributional effects of the possible removal of such subsidies in Iran. In this research, the analysis of the machine learning scenario model, the microsimulation model of the tax benefit for Iran, ...
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The purpose of this article is to evaluate the progress of fuel subsidies as well as the budgetary and distributional effects of the possible removal of such subsidies in Iran. In this research, the analysis of the machine learning scenario model, the microsimulation model of the tax benefit for Iran, along with the consumption and subsidy microdata of households since the subsidy reform has been used. The results of the research show that the subsidy for consumption is advanced towards an increase, while the subsidy for gasoline and diesel tends to decrease. The paper's simulations show that removing all fuel subsidies would increase poverty and inequality due to the importance of the domestic gas subsidy to low-income households. Eliminating gasoline and diesel subsidies will not affect poverty and inequality, while helping to reduce government spending. It was also shown that using part of the budget saved from fuel subsidy removal to increase social assistance payments in Iran can be a mechanism to compensate low-income families after fuel subsidy removal.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Seyyed Mohammad Ghaem Zabihi; Rasta Kamalian; Fatemeh Akbari; Ali Akbar Naji Meidani
Abstract
The current study has studied the threshold effects of energy consumption structure and GDP per capita variables on carbon emissions from 2002 to 2019 for 37 selected countries (with middle to high-income levels) using the non-linear approach of Panel Smooth Transition Regression Models. For this purpose, ...
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The current study has studied the threshold effects of energy consumption structure and GDP per capita variables on carbon emissions from 2002 to 2019 for 37 selected countries (with middle to high-income levels) using the non-linear approach of Panel Smooth Transition Regression Models. For this purpose, two separate models have been estimated by considering energy consumption structure transfer and GDP per capita variables. The results indicate a non-linear relationship between the studied variables in both models. The estimation results of both models show that GDP per capita (in the threshold state of energy consumption structure) and energy consumption structure (in the threshold state of GDP per capita) positively affect carbon emissions. Also, urbanization and trade openness have a positive effect on carbon emissions in both models. Thus, the results show that increasing efficiency in energy consumption and GDP per capita structure can significantly reduce carbon emissions. These findings point to the importance of optimizing energy policies and the crucial role of changes in the economic structure in managing greenhouse gas emissions..
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Mahboobeh Farahati; Leyla Salimi; Mehdi Gholizadeh Eratbeni
Abstract
The lack of security, political dependencies, the formation, and the increase in environmental problems are the main reasons for changing the approach to energy supply from fossil fuels to renewable energies. This alteration requires financial support for the extraction of renewable energies. Foreign ...
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The lack of security, political dependencies, the formation, and the increase in environmental problems are the main reasons for changing the approach to energy supply from fossil fuels to renewable energies. This alteration requires financial support for the extraction of renewable energies. Foreign direct investment, investment in research and development, and financial market development are among the Financing methods that also impact the consumption of renewable energies. This study aims to assess the impact of these financing methods on the consumption of renewable energies across 26 developing countries during the period from 2008 to 2019. Findings from panel model estimations indicate that foreign direct investment and investment in research and development have a positive and significant effect on the consumption of renewable energy, while the development of financial markets does not have a significant effect on the consumption of renewable energies. Based on the results, since the defined methods of financing do not have an adverse effect on renewable energy consumption, it is recommended that the government, to guarantee the indicators of the nation's welfare, including environmental quality, put the laws covering these financing methods in the main plan and support
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Zinat Goli; Hamid Amadeh; taymoor mohamadi
Abstract
Global greenhouse gas emissions have risen from 31,553 million tons of CO2 equivalent in 1990 to 46,187 million tons in 2022. According to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), since the late 19th century, the Earth’s average temperature has increased by 1.1 degrees ...
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Global greenhouse gas emissions have risen from 31,553 million tons of CO2 equivalent in 1990 to 46,187 million tons in 2022. According to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), since the late 19th century, the Earth’s average temperature has increased by 1.1 degrees Celsius.Every decade since 1960 has been warmer than the previous one, with the last decade being the hottest on record. The warming caused by human activities and greenhouse gas emissions has currently reached about 1 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Over the past two decades, global scientific and political communities have increasingly focused on the issue of global warming and its associated climate changes. The historic Paris Agreement, signed on December 12, 2015, during the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the UN Climate Change Convention, was a significant step toward combating climate change and addressing the challenges of reducing emissions and investing in a low-carbon, resilient, flexible, and sustainable economy. The agreement, signed by 195 countries, came into force on November 4, 2016. Under the Paris Agreement, countries committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the global average temperature from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.Following the agreement, countries through the UN Climate Change Convention asked the IPCC to provide a special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas pathways. In the IPCC report, supported by 133 researchers, various greenhouse gas emission pathways to achieve the 1.5-degree goal were outlined. Achieving this goal will require significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, with a major focus on the energy sector. Four proposed scenarios, which aim to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, predict a sharp decline in the use of fossil fuels. However, the type of fuel and the speed of the transition in fuel consumption vary considerably, especially for coal, oil, and gas, through 2030. Coal faces the most severe reductions, with consumption needing to decrease by 59% to 78% by 2030 compared to 2010. Natural gas has a better outlook, with predictions ranging from a one-third increase to a one-quarter decrease in different scenarios. Oil has the most uncertain future, with the fourth scenario, based on bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), predicting an 86% increase in oil consumption compared to 2010. Given the uncertain future of oil in these scenarios, analyzing the impact of implementing each of the IPCC's proposed scenarios on OPEC member countries, whose economies are heavily reliant on oil revenues, is crucial. The innovation of this research lies in examining the effects of climate change policies on oil-producing and exporting OPEC countries, including Iran, using a time-series econometric approach, co-integration equations, and a vector error correction model.Methods and MaterialIn this research, to examine the effects of the IPCC scenarios, which are based on reducing global fossil fuel consumption, on OPEC’s oil demand and supply, a time-series econometric approach was used. Co-integration equations were employed to estimate long-term relationships, and the vector error correction model was applied for short-term estimates. Given the significance of reduced demand for OPEC countries, which are economically dependent on oil export revenues, data on the production and price of OPEC oil were used. Additionally, the long-term effects of environmental actions under the IPCC scenarios, which replace fossil fuels with renewable energy by 2030 and 2050, were incorporated into the model using renewable energy price variables. Variables used in the supply and demand functions include OPEC oil production, OPEC oil prices adjusted for the U.S. consumer price index, industrial production indices for developed and emerging countries, and renewable energy price indices. The research data were gathered monthly from 1986 to 2022. OPEC oil price and production statistics were obtained from OPEC, and the U.S. consumer price index data were sourced from the World Bank. The industrial production index (IP) for developed countries was calculated as a weighted average of IP from the U.S., Japan, Germany, France, the U.K., Italy, Canada, Spain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, Austria, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Luxembourg, with weights based on the GDP share of each country in total GDP. For emerging countries, the IP index was similarly calculated for China, Brazil, India, South Korea, Mexico, Turkey, and Indonesia. The GDP data were obtained from the World Bank, and IP data from the International Monetary Fund. Renewable energy prices were based on the weighted average levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for renewable sources such as concentrated solar power, offshore and onshore wind power, and photovoltaic solar energy. The weights were based on each energy type's share of total renewable energy production, and the LCOE data were published by the International Renewable Energy Agency. Initially, the industrial production indices for developed and emerging countries, as well as the renewable energy price index, were seasonally adjusted.Table 1. Long-term supply and demand relationships for oil based on Johansen's method. variablesOPEC Oil Supply functionOPEC Oil Supply functionOPEC oil production11Real price of OPEC oil0.22(0.05)-0.05(0.02)Non-OPEC oil production1.56(0.41)0IP(Advanced economic)00.76(0.16)IP(Emerging economic)00.58(0.07)Renewable energy price00.26(0.06)Error correction term0.03-)0.009)0.08-(0.003)Results and DiscussionOPEC adopts two approaches in the global oil market: a strategic approach, where OPEC acts similarly to non-OPEC producers and amplifies the effect of price shocks, and an adaptive approach, where OPEC seeks to balance non-OPEC production changes and stabilize oil price fluctuations. The estimated coefficients indicate that during the study period, OPEC countries, alongside the increase in non-OPEC production, attempted to maintain their market share, often increasing production to force high-cost producers out of the market. This finding is consistent with those of Bog, Pal, and colleagues (2016), who viewed OPEC as a dominant producer seeking to protect market share by limiting competitors like shale oil producers.The results of the model estimation indicate a direct relationship between OPEC oil supply and real oil prices, with a price elasticity of oil supply of 0.22. Additionally, a 1% increase in non-OPEC production leads to a 1.56% increase in OPEC oil production. The price elasticity of oil demand is negative at -0.05, with demand from developed countries having a more significant impact on OPEC oil demand than demand from emerging countries. Furthermore, a 1% decrease in renewable energy prices reduces OPEC oil demand by 0.26%. Therefore, in the pessimistic IPCC scenario, where oil consumption declines by 37%, OPEC’s oil supply could decrease by 40% by 2030.Based on the findings, it is recommended that OPEC regularly monitor the pace of renewable energy development up to 2030 and adjust its strategies accordingly. Although the growth of industrial production in developed countries has a more significant effect on OPEC oil demand, trends in oil imports from China and India, which accounted for about 40% of OPEC’s exports in 2019, versus declining imports from the U.S. and European OECD countries, which have dropped by 40%, should also be considered by OPEC.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Yazdan Gudarzi farahani; Zoleikha Morsali Arzanagh; Mohsen Mehrara
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of investment in renewable energy on Iran's macroeconomic variables. In this regard, statistical information related to the period 1991-2022 was used. For this purpose, the stochastic dynamic general equilibrium method was used. The information used ...
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of investment in renewable energy on Iran's macroeconomic variables. In this regard, statistical information related to the period 1991-2022 was used. For this purpose, the stochastic dynamic general equilibrium method was used. The information used in this article was collected from the Central Bank of Iran and the Ministry of Energy. The theoretical framework of the present study will be based on investment models, optimization and inter-sectoral balance. In this study, the effects of investment in the field of renewable energy through public and private companies are included in the model. The results obtained from the investment shock in the field of renewable energy indicated that investment in this sector had the greatest impact on the growth of economic added value in the industry, services, agriculture, and oil and gas sectors. Also, the obtained results indicate that in order to increase social welfare and achieve economic development, a 4-year investment period with a 50% growth in the field of renewable energy infrastructure in the country is necessary.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Asghar Vahedi; Esmaiel Abounoori; parviz malekzadeh
Abstract
In this research, the effect of oil price shock on the return of the Iranian stock market has been evaluated using a new quantile-on-quantile approach. To do this, first, the oil price shock has been calculated using the structural vector autoregression method, and then the effect of the oil price shock ...
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In this research, the effect of oil price shock on the return of the Iranian stock market has been evaluated using a new quantile-on-quantile approach. To do this, first, the oil price shock has been calculated using the structural vector autoregression method, and then the effect of the oil price shock on the return of the Iranian stock market has been investigated using the quantile-on-quantile approach. The statistical population consists of the data related to oil variables and the stock price index of the Iranian stock market. The statistical sample includes 200 observations of the monthly data related to the oil variables and the stock price index of the Iranian stock market during the period of 1385: 1 -1401: 12. The results of this research show that the effect of the oil price shock on the Iranian stock market varies across different quantiles of the Iranian stock market returns. A negative oil price shock has a larger effect on stock market returns when the stock market is bullish. Also, in the normal state of the stock market, a positive oil price shock has a large negative effect on stock market returns. Based on these observations, it is concluded that the relationship between oil price and stock market returns can depend on the nature of oil price shocks and the performance of the stock market.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Ali Asghar Salem; Siab Mamipour; Masoumeh Azizkhani
Abstract
Pricing gasoline and optimal allocation of resources have always been topics of interest for governments and experts. The increasing jump in the exchange rate has created a significant difference between the nominal and real prices of gasoline. Therefore, in the present study, a solution is proposed ...
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Pricing gasoline and optimal allocation of resources have always been topics of interest for governments and experts. The increasing jump in the exchange rate has created a significant difference between the nominal and real prices of gasoline. Therefore, in the present study, a solution is proposed to narrow the existing gap by introducing a floating tax proportional to gasoline consumption, and its effect on household income distribution is examined. On the other hand, the regressive feature is a weakness of the consumption tax system that leads to undesirable effects on income distribution by imposing a higher tax burden on vulnerable classes. Therefore, the proposed scenario in this study is similar to the current pricing system and is in the form of two-tiered rates (quota-based and non-quota-based rates). The quota-based section is exempt from taxes and is similar to the past procedure, while the non-quota-based gasoline price is calculated based on individuals' consumption, considering a 5% tax for each liter of consumption exceeding the monthly quota. If the consumption increases, instead of receiving more subsidies, the higher expenses will accompany the consumer. In this regard, by using an almost ideal demand system model, the effects of implementing the proposed scenario on inequality and income distribution among urban households were studied, and categorized into four gasoline consumption groups (less than 60 liters, 60 to 80 liters, 80 to 120 liters, and more than 120 liters) during the years 2017-2020, considering some demographic variables such as household size, gender, age, marital status, employment, education, and household head's ownership of housing. Price and income elasticities were extracted, and the compensatory variation (CV) index of changes was calculated. Assuming the implementation of the proposed scenario and the constancy of prices for all commodity groups except gasoline, the household expenditure data was simulated, and inequality was calculated using the Gini coefficient. The results show that if the above-mentioned scenario is implemented by the government, assuming the constancy of prices for other commodity groups, a relative improvement in the Gini coefficient is obtained, indicating a reduction in inequality.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Mohamad Sayadi; Habib Soheyli Ahmadi; Razieh Sadat Musavi Khaledi
Abstract
Energy subsidies encompass explicit subsidies and implicit subsidies (opportunity costs), both of which significantly influence economic agents' decision-making, as described in the theoretical literature. Iran faces several pressing issues, including escalating energy consumption, inadequate price signaling ...
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Energy subsidies encompass explicit subsidies and implicit subsidies (opportunity costs), both of which significantly influence economic agents' decision-making, as described in the theoretical literature. Iran faces several pressing issues, including escalating energy consumption, inadequate price signaling to address consumption patterns, increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and prevailing distributional challenges related to energy subsidies. Consequently, reforming energy carrier subsidies in Iran becomes an imperative task. However, numerous obstacles hinder the effective implementation of this policy, presenting substantial challenges. This study employs a comparative approach that incorporates expert opinions and utilizes the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method with a holistic perspective to evaluate and rank the barriers to energy subsidy reform. The identified barriers are categorized into three groups based on specific criteria: 1) political and social barriers, 2) economic barriers, and 3) institutional and governance barriers. Subsequently, thirteen sub-criteria have been established, considering Iran's economic conditions. The research findings highlight the significance of economic barriers, accounting for 53% weight, followed by political and social barriers with 26%, and institutional and governance barriers with 21%. Notably, among the economic barriers, the high dependency of energy industries on the country's exports and the government's concerns about potential damage to foreign exchange revenues, particularly under sanctions, emerge as crucial factors. Regarding political and social barriers, the prevalent mindset of entitlement among citizens regarding energy subsidies proves noteworthy. Additionally, the lack of a cohesive and reliable database for implementing energy subsidy reform policies assumes utmost importance among institutional and governance barriers. Based on these results, it is imperative for the government to undertake measures encompassing formulation, implementation, and evaluation in all dimensions of energy subsidy reform
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Aram Amirnia
Abstract
The current study deals with the effect of GDP, urban population and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions in OPEC member countries. To show the details of his findings, in this study, using the panel data method, the effect of GDP, increase in urban population and non-renewable ...
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The current study deals with the effect of GDP, urban population and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions in OPEC member countries. To show the details of his findings, in this study, using the panel data method, the effect of GDP, increase in urban population and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions for 13 OPEC member countries in the period of time, 1990 to 2019, was reviewed. The results show that GDP, urban population increase, and consumption of non-renewable fuels have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. The general findings indicate that following the increase in gross domestic production and the industrialization of countries, we will also witness the growth of the urban population. Environmental pollution is mainly aggravated by rapid urbanization and industrialization, as well as economic growth and non-renewable energies in OPEC member countries, which are mainly developing countries, and have destructive effects on the environment. This study recommends that sustainable urbanization and economic growth should be promoted using green finance and clean energy sources. Also, the need to change energy consumption patterns from fossil fuels and move towards renewable energy sources should be supported among OPEC member countries
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
samaneh khaksarastaneh; Teymor Mohammadi; Hamid Amadeh
Abstract
Nowadays, due to the limitation of fossil fuels, the topic of their optimal use has been given more attention than before. In the upstream literature of oil and gas economy, the word synonymous with this topic is reservoir management. In this study, selected one of the oil fields of Iranian Offshore ...
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Nowadays, due to the limitation of fossil fuels, the topic of their optimal use has been given more attention than before. In the upstream literature of oil and gas economy, the word synonymous with this topic is reservoir management. In this study, selected one of the oil fields of Iranian Offshore Oil Company (IOOC). In the first step, by using field data, the cost function of the field is estimated by considering the environmental costs and secondary recycling costs, and in the next Nowadays, due to the limitation of fossil fuels, the topic of their optimal use has been given more attention than before. In the upstream literature of the oil and gas economy, the word synonymous with this topic is reservoir management. This study selected one of the oil fields of the Iranian Offshore Oil Company (IOOC). In the first step, by using field data, the cost function of the field is estimated by considering the environmental costs and secondary recycling costs, and in the next step, the discounted profit of the field during its life under three discount rate scenarios, and it is maximized by dynamic programming method. The results of the bell curve study confirmed the production during the life of the field. Also, in the scenario of the discount rate of 5%, the harvest results from the field have been more balanced, and with the increase of the discount rate to 10 and then 20%, more harvest has been achieved in the first years of production and less harvest in the final years of productionstep, the discounted profit of the field during its life under three discount rate scenarios. and it is maximized by dynamic programming method. The results of the bell curve study confirmed the production during the life of the field. Also, in the scenario of discount rate of 5%, the harvest results from the field have been more balanced, and with the increase of the discount rate to 10 and then 20%, more harvest has been achieved in the first years of production and less harvest in the final years of production.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Ali Mazyaki; Ali Asghar Salem; Sepideh Asadi
Abstract
The equality implications of tariff design for household gas and electricity, two essential substitutes, present a significant concern for policymakers. In this study, we examine this issue using a sample of household income quartiles across various social groups, exploring the diverse effects of changes ...
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The equality implications of tariff design for household gas and electricity, two essential substitutes, present a significant concern for policymakers. In this study, we examine this issue using a sample of household income quartiles across various social groups, exploring the diverse effects of changes in electricity and gas prices. The findings reveal that an increase in gas prices exerts a more pronounced impact on low-income groups compared to an equivalent increase in electricity prices. Our partial analysis indicates that gas exhibits less elasticity, likely attributed to the absence of a suitable substitute in the event of a price increase for this commodity. This observation underscores the lack of energy diversity that is rooted in the critical role of gas appliances in cooking and heating. This phenomenon poses a potential threat to the energy security of Iranian households.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Mansour Zarra Nezhad; Aram Amirnia
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic and social factors on the emission of carbon dioxide, which has been used as a measure of environmental pollution in Iran for the period of 1352-1397. In order to measure the economic and social factors affecting environmental pollution, ...
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The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic and social factors on the emission of carbon dioxide, which has been used as a measure of environmental pollution in Iran for the period of 1352-1397. In order to measure the economic and social factors affecting environmental pollution, it is necessary to study the short-term and long-term relationship between fuel oil consumption, urbanization, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions in Iran. For this purpose, the autoregression model with extended distribution intervals (ARDL) was used. The results show that the error correction coefficient obtained in this model shows that in each period, 33% of the short-term failure error can be made to achieve a long-term comparison. According to the estimate, the increase in fuel oil consumption, urbanization, and economic growth have a positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions both in the short term and in the long term. Also, the long-term results indicate that with an increase of one percent of gross domestic production, fuel oil consumption and urban population increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.849, 0.166, and 1.566 percent, respectively. Therefore, the first step to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the country is to pay attention to the amount of fuel oil consumption, hence policies can be made to use alternative energies such as renewable energies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Mohamad Sayadi; Milad MohammadKhani; Hosein Hafezi
Abstract
The main goal of this research is to design a composite economic-energy-environmental performance index (3EPI) for Iran's economy by generalizing the methodology of Khramov and Lee (2013) as well as evaluating the effect of variables on the composite performance index during the period from 1991 to 2021 ...
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The main goal of this research is to design a composite economic-energy-environmental performance index (3EPI) for Iran's economy by generalizing the methodology of Khramov and Lee (2013) as well as evaluating the effect of variables on the composite performance index during the period from 1991 to 2021 using a time-varying parameters model (TVP). The 3EPI index is calculated in a weighted and unweighted form, and the trend is separated from the cyclic with the Hodrick-Prescott filter. The findings show that the long-term trend of the 3EPI index is in the range between 35 and 60 percent, which is significantly different from the base number of the index (i.e. 100 percent). The chronicle of the index shows that the worst performance is related to the implementation period of the structural adjustment policy (1994 and 1995), the first round of economic sanctions (2012), and the intensification of economic sanctions in the latest round of sanctions (2019). The best performance is related to the two periods of the relative stability of macroeconomic variables and the period of implementation of the JCPOA agreement. The results of the application of the TVP model show that, from 2011 to 2021, the variable of the budget deficit to GDP ratio had the most significant negative impact on Iran’s 3EPI performance index
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
parisa Mohajeri; Ali Faridzad; Fatemeh Amirjahani
Abstract
Oil and natural gas production is not uniformly and homogeneously distributed across all provinces of Iran, whereas a major part of oil and gas incomes is consumed in provinces that do not have any significant role in oil and gas production. Therefore, any disruption in the production of oil and gas ...
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Oil and natural gas production is not uniformly and homogeneously distributed across all provinces of Iran, whereas a major part of oil and gas incomes is consumed in provinces that do not have any significant role in oil and gas production. Therefore, any disruption in the production of oil and gas might expose the GDP growth of all provinces at risk. In this paper, the multiregional input-output table is calculated for the year 2015. Then, the hypothetical extraction method introduced by Dietzenbacher and Lahr (2013) is employed for estimating the effect of partial and complete extraction of oil and gas production in Khuzestan and other oil-oriented regions on the value-added of 71 economic activities in each of the regions. The findings reveal that firstly, following the extraction of oil and gas production in Khuzestan, the value added of this region reduces about %32 , while the extraction of the corresponding sector in other oil-related regions will mitigate this region’s value added by %14. Secondly, the relative reduction in the value added of economic sectors and each sector’s contribution of value-added reduction in each region depend on the economic structure of the interested region. The highest share of the total value-added reduction in each region belongs to the service sector in Tehran and agriculture in other non-oil regions. It seems that diversifying energy resources as well as supplying regions, enhancing fuel consumption efficiency, and renovating the transportation system are the most important policies to have more resilience.