نهادها و سازمانهای منطقهای و بین المللی انرژی
Ali Mazyaki; Mana Shaabani Rad; Arian Daneshmand
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of trade by export and import of intermediate and final goods on environmental degradation, and carbon dioxide emission, in the form of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). For this purpose, a panel data set of OECD, and non-OECD countries ...
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The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of trade by export and import of intermediate and final goods on environmental degradation, and carbon dioxide emission, in the form of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). For this purpose, a panel data set of OECD, and non-OECD countries from 1998 to 2018 was used. According to the results, the EKC was established in all samples. In addition, while with a sample of OECD countries, trade has a beneficial or inverse effect on carbon dioxide emissions; with a sample of non-OECD countries, and that of all countries, a non-beneficial or direct effect from trade on carbon dioxide emissions prevails. Also, an important conclusion is that imports, regardless of the type of goods, had a more destructive effect on the environment than exports in all samples. Therefore, theories supporting beneficial effects of exports, e.g. improving technology, or destructive effects of imports through energy-intensive products, are better explanations of the issue than theories of destructive consumption of energy resulting from exports, or beneficial effects of imports for the environment
نهادها و سازمانهای منطقهای و بین المللی انرژی
maryam houshangi; ali emami meibodi; laleh jokar
Abstract
The restrictions on oil reserves and environmental hazards have led resource-rich countries to focus their attention on gas energy. In this regard, the importance of gas as an appropriate energy source will become even more significant in the coming years. The establishment of a cartel consisting ...
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The restrictions on oil reserves and environmental hazards have led resource-rich countries to focus their attention on gas energy. In this regard, the importance of gas as an appropriate energy source will become even more significant in the coming years. The establishment of a cartel consisting of natural gas producers and exporters in order to achieve strategies for managing and controlling the gas market demonstrates this importance. This paper examines the confrontation or interaction between oil OPEC and the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (gas GECF); using the time series data for OPEC and GECF gas and oil demand in the period from 1970-1 to 2016-4. Regarding the coefficients obtained from the estimation of OPEC and OPEC gas and solving their equations simultaneously in the MATLAB 2014 software, the following results have been obtained; based on the cumulative response function in the case of the formation of a gas cartel, these two cartels will choose collusion strategies. The reason for this can be searched in some common members of the two cartels. Also, based on the impulse response function, oil demand is evaluated more than gas demand. It can be due to the multiple uses of oil over gas which increase the intensive substitution between these two products..
