Iranian Energy Economics

Abstract This study examined the impacts of economic policy uncertainty and oil price on carbon dioxide emissions as a criterion of environmental quality in seven OPEC member countries from 1990 until 2019. According to the theoretical framework, economic policy uncertainty can directly or indirectly affect the quality of the environment, such as through direct policy adjustment, consumption, and investment channels. In this regard, with the help of panel data, the experimental models of this study were estimated and evaluated by the Fully-modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) method. The results indicate that the economic policy uncertainty and the oil price variables are statistically significant in both models, and their coefficient is positive. In other words, higher policy-related economic uncertainty and oil price over this period has led to higher carbon dioxide emissions and, thus, lower environmental quality in OPEC member countries. Ultimately, the estimates in the second model confirm an inverse U-shaped relationship between economic growth and the quality of the environment of these countries in the mentioned period, based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis.

Abstract Abstract

The industrial sector, especially energy-intensive industries, is considered one of the most important polluting sectors. Given that the industrial sector itself includes several production sub-sectors and the pollution caused by them is different, first the amount of carbon dioxide emissions at the level of all two-digit ASIC codes during the years 2004-2022 has been estimated. Then, the industry that emitted the highest amount of carbon dioxide (the industry producing non-metallic mineral products) was considered as a polluting industry, and the factors affecting the carbon dioxide emissions of that industry were identified. The results of the present study, using Bootstrap regression estimation during the period under study, show that the amount of carbon dioxide emissions emitted by the non-metallic mineral industry is a positive function of the amount of energy carrier consumed, physical capital intensity, and human capital intensity, and a negative function of the intensity of human resource skills, industry capital expenditures, and research & development expenditures.

Abstract Today, there are two different perspectives on the long-term effects of international trade on countries' economies in terms of environmental perspective. One view claims that countries are deregulating their country to promote free trade, which reduces their environmental standards and, ultimately, the decline of the international environment. Another view believes that free trade through optimal allocation of resources allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a relative advantage, and hence, improve energy intensity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of international trade and foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in D8 countries with the panel data approach. This study uses data from 1993 to 2018 from the World Bank. The results show that the coefficient related to the GDP variable is positive and for the GDP square grade is negative, which confirms the Kuznets environmental hypothesis in the studied countries. Foreign direct investment has no significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the results show that exports and imports of goods and services have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions that is consistent with conventional theories as well as research background. Energy intensity and proportion of urban population have also had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions.

Abstract Industrialization leads to emission of carbon dioxide from extensive use of fossil fuels. This study investigates the dynamic relationship between economic growth, trade freedom, coal consumption and carbon dioxide emission in Iran. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is designed to study the short term and long term relationship. After evaluating the model for unit root test, a logistic regression analysis was run on the basic of 1986-2012 data for the economy of Iran. Our findings indicate the existence of a significant correlation between economic growth, trade freedom and coal consumption with carbon dioxide emission. Thus the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve are confirmed both in the short-run and long-run. Panning for coal consumption reduction can be emphasized as a policy tool for emission reduction.  

Abstract Industrialization leads to emission of carbon dioxide from extensive use of fossil fuels. This study investigates the dynamic relationship between economic growth, trade freedom, coal consumption and carbon dioxide emission in Iran. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is designed to study the short term and long term relationship. After evaluating the model for unit root test, a logistic regression analysis was run on the basic of 1986-2012 data for the economy of Iran. Our findings indicate the existence of a significant correlation between economic growth, trade freedom and coal consumption with carbon dioxide emission. Thus the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve are confirmed both in the short-run and long-run. Panning for coal consumption reduction can be emphasized as a policy tool for emission reduction.