Mojtaba Jorli; Hossein Sadeghi; alireza naseri; Lotfali Agheli
Abstract
Fossil-fuel electricity generation has a variety of harmful impacts on the environment and human health. Air pollution is the most significant impact of fossil power generation on health. This study with employing SIMPACTS-2, applies the impact pathway approach to estimate the health impacts and costs ...
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Fossil-fuel electricity generation has a variety of harmful impacts on the environment and human health. Air pollution is the most significant impact of fossil power generation on health. This study with employing SIMPACTS-2, applies the impact pathway approach to estimate the health impacts and costs caused by air pollution of the Montazer-Qaem thermal power plant in 2011-2016 period. The results show that by removing fuel-oil and increasing the share of natural gas, the total health cost decreases from 164.9 million in 2011 to 36.4 million in 2016 (USD year 2000). During this period, the health cost per generated electricity varies from 18.1 to 4.2 USD/MWh. The low qualities of fossil fuel and high population density around the power plant have been the main factors of the high health damage costs. The health external costs can be reduced through fuel improvements. Internalizing the external costs into the price of electricity can show the true costs of fossil electricity. By taking appropriate measures, the benefits to the society can be increasedت
sayed sajad padam; Mohammad Javad Nourahmadi
Abstract
One of the important aspects of each country's economic security is energy security. Energy security is inversely related to the vulnerability of the energy system and by strengthening energy system has a direct relationship. Energy system consists of three major parts production, distribution and consumption ...
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One of the important aspects of each country's economic security is energy security. Energy security is inversely related to the vulnerability of the energy system and by strengthening energy system has a direct relationship. Energy system consists of three major parts production, distribution and consumption of energy. Given the economic and oil sanctions imposed on the country in recent years, Strengthening economic issue And particularly retrofitting energy systems for Iran has become important. In this article strengthening oil and gas sector of the energy system with emphasis on the conservation of production is discussed. Iran's energy system vulnerability from oil and gas production including lack of awareness of the actual amount of oil and gas reserves Based on production and consumption processes in the country, the lack of optimal management of and the lack of guarantee contracts intergenerational interests that this research by addressing these vulnerabilities And solutions to fix the injuries presents Recommendations for strengthening Iran's energy system from the perspective of the continuation of production.
سیاستگذاریهای اقتصادی و مالی در حوزههای فوقالذکر در سطوح ملی، منطقهای و جهانی
mojtaba rostami; Mohammad Nabi Shahiki Tash
Abstract
Due to the strategic role of volatility and instability of crude oil prices and their effects on all countries of the world, different methods of modeling and forecasting are necessary. Over the past two decades, an extensive literature has emerged on various approaches to empirically modeling volatility ...
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Due to the strategic role of volatility and instability of crude oil prices and their effects on all countries of the world, different methods of modeling and forecasting are necessary. Over the past two decades, an extensive literature has emerged on various approaches to empirically modeling volatility in the crude oil market. In this research, WTI crude oil price volatility modeling, which is one of the most important types of crude oil in the market of this strategic commodity, is examined with six flexible stochastic volatility (SV) models. Then the experimental performance of these models is compared with each other using Bayesian methods. The findings of this study show that adding one jump in efficiency and leverage effect to the stochastic volatility (SVLJ) model greatly improves its performance compared to other models. According to the findings of this model, the stability of volatility in the WTI market is very high and on average one jump occurs in this market every year. However, this model shows that in 2020, two jumps in WTI returns occurred in April and May, which is a unique event. In addition, the correlation between the return jump component and the volatility jump (Merton correlation jump) is not confirmed in the WTI data. Also, due to the negative leverage effect, negative shocks have stronger volatility effects than positive shocks in the crude oil market.
Hossein Amiri; Lesyan Saedpour; Abas Kalantary
Abstract
This paper evaluates the threshold effect of income on carbon dioxide emissions intensity in the MENA countries using panel smooth transition regression model. For this purpose, the variables of financial development, openness, energy intensity, income per capital and carbon dioxide emissions intensity ...
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This paper evaluates the threshold effect of income on carbon dioxide emissions intensity in the MENA countries using panel smooth transition regression model. For this purpose, the variables of financial development, openness, energy intensity, income per capital and carbon dioxide emissions intensity over the period 1980 to 2011 are employed. While the results strongly indicated the existence of a nonlinear relationship, considering one transition function and two threshold parameters is sufficient to specification of nonlinear relationship among variables. The empirical results show that the slope parameter in which the speed of adjustment represent from one regime to another one is estimated equivalent of 78762, and two threshold parameters estimated 1176 $ and 11614 $ based on income per capita respectively. The variables of openness and income per capital lead to reduce carbon dioxide emissions intensity in both regimes in which the impact of income per capital in first regime and openness in second regime is greater than another regime. Although, financial development leads to slight increase in carbon dioxide emissions intensity in the first regime, but in the second regime leads to decreases it.
Mustafa Bani Asadi; Reza Mohseni
Volume 3, Issue 10 , April 2014, , Pages 41-65
Abstract
Energy consumption in various sectors of Iran economy is very significant, hence the necessity of reducing energy consumption in the economy considerrable. Improvement of total factor productivity can lead to lower production inputs as well as energy consumption. The aim of the present study is to survey ...
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Energy consumption in various sectors of Iran economy is very significant, hence the necessity of reducing energy consumption in the economy considerrable. Improvement of total factor productivity can lead to lower production inputs as well as energy consumption. The aim of the present study is to survey the productivity shock affect on intensity of energy consumption during 1974-2010 in Iran. For this purpose, productivity shocks were separated to components of temporary and permanent with using Blanchard-Quah method. Then, the effect of temporary and permanent shocks of productivity on energy intensity was studied using structural vector autoregressive model. The results of model estimation show that temporary shocks of productivity are the main source of short-term changes in energy intensity. In addition, the permanent shocks of productivity will lead to reducing energy intensity in the long-run. Hence, to reduce energy consumption in Iran, total factor productivity growth should be improved.
Elham Hajikaram; Roya Darabi
Abstract
Anticipating process of crude oil prices and its fluctuations volatility has always been one of the challenges the traders face in the exchange oil markets. This study estimates the Brent crude oil daily price forecast with a proposed hybrid model. The sample is Brent North Sea crude oil daily prices ...
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Anticipating process of crude oil prices and its fluctuations volatility has always been one of the challenges the traders face in the exchange oil markets. This study estimates the Brent crude oil daily price forecast with a proposed hybrid model. The sample is Brent North Sea crude oil daily prices from July 2008 to July 2016 that is selected from the total oil daily prices in all of the oil markets. In this research, a model for combining statistical and artificial intelligence (PCA-SVR) methods is presented. With regard to the superiority of the accuracy of the prediction of the support vector regression model (SVR) in comparison with other predictive methods in past studies, the main goal in this research is to improve the prediction of the support vector regression using the initial pre-processing of data by principal components analysis (PCA). To do research, after carrying out a static test, using principal components analysis, the input variables are converted into the principal components that cover the entire data scattering and considered as an input to the prediction model. Then, using supporting vector regression model and simulate it in MATLAB software we predict daily price of Brent crude oil. In order to compare the performance of the SVR and PCA-SVR models, we used the paired comparison test. The result of this study was that the initial pre-processing by means of the principal components analysis on the data gives rise to reducing suggested model error
Ali Asghar Salem; Mehdi Akaberi Tafti
Abstract
In order to estimate the direct rebound effect of improvement in electricity consumption efficiency in the residential urban areas in Iran, price elasticity of demand for electrical energy by AIDS model and the social and economic characteristics of households are used in this study. This model is estimated ...
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In order to estimate the direct rebound effect of improvement in electricity consumption efficiency in the residential urban areas in Iran, price elasticity of demand for electrical energy by AIDS model and the social and economic characteristics of households are used in this study. This model is estimated using Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) analysis of pool data on nearly 180 million urban households in the country during the period 1394 to 1385. The results show that direct rebound effect of efficiency improvement of electricity use in the residential urban areas in Iran is equal to 81% which is considerably higher compared to efficiency improvement rebound effect of other energies used by household. The calculation of direct rebound effect among income groups also shows that the effect among wealthy households is high. This means that the efficiency of electricity consumption improvement, has less saving effect in high-income groups than low and moderate income ones.
Atefeh Taklif
Volume 2, Issue 5 , January 2013, , Pages 49-79
Abstract
Global Demand for Natural Gas has exhibited a considerable growth during the first decade of the 21 century. During this period, the trade in natural gas via pipeline has increased by 65 percent. The establishment of Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) and its policies has been regarded, by many leading ...
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Global Demand for Natural Gas has exhibited a considerable growth during the first decade of the 21 century. During this period, the trade in natural gas via pipeline has increased by 65 percent. The establishment of Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) and its policies has been regarded, by many leading exporters and importers of natural gas, as a turning point in the development of natural gas market. This is due to the fact that currently the GECF member countries possess nearly half of the global trade in natural gas and over 40% of the global trade via the pipeline. We consider, in this paper, the possibility of competition or cooperation amongst member countries in exporting natural gas via pipeline. It is concluded that the feasibility of competition or cooperation in GECF member countries, for gas trading on the basis of official contracts, is not only very weak but is possible only in three cases and between six member countries.
�ه، امکان رقابت یا همکاری میان اعضا، در چارچوب تجارت گاز براساس قراردادهای رسمی منعقده، نه تنها بسیار ضعیف است بلکه تنها در سه مورد و میان شش کشور از 13 عضو این مجمع امکانپذیر میباشد.
ali heydari fathabad; Atefeh Taklif
Abstract
The efforts of oil importing countries to transfer from fossil fuels to non-fossil fuels and the feasibility of commercial exploitation of unconventional oil and gas reserves can jeopardize the security of demand for crude oil by exporting countries. . In this study, by calculating the oil demand risk ...
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The efforts of oil importing countries to transfer from fossil fuels to non-fossil fuels and the feasibility of commercial exploitation of unconventional oil and gas reserves can jeopardize the security of demand for crude oil by exporting countries. . In this study, by calculating the oil demand risk index from OPEC member countries during the years 2000-2014, the relationship between this variable and the price of oil by investing in the upstream sector of the oil industry of these countries during the years (2000-2012) Using panel data model with random effects has been investigated. The results show that the effect of the index of risk of demand for oil exports on investment in the upstream sector of the oil industry is negative and this effect is significant. Therefore, given the coefficient of the risk index of demand for oil exports, it can be concluded that a percentage change in the risk of demand for oil exports makes up 0.51percent of investment in the upstream sector of the oil industry in the opposite direction. In addition, the effect of oil prices on investment in the upstream of the oil industry is positive, so that a 1percent change in oil prices changes 1،12percent of investment in the upstream sector of the oil industry in the same direction.
Morteza Tahami Pour; Samaneh Abedi; Reza Karimi Baba Ahmadi; Morteza Ebrahimi Zadeh
Abstract
Development of renewable energy would help to achieve the goals of economic, social and ecological development which are considered as the most important factors in achieving sustainable development in each country. This article examines the impact of real economic growth per capita on the country's ...
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Development of renewable energy would help to achieve the goals of economic, social and ecological development which are considered as the most important factors in achieving sustainable development in each country. This article examines the impact of real economic growth per capita on the country's clean energy deals during the period 1967-2012 in Iran. To this end, the pattern Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Co-Integration method are employed to determine the presence of short and long-term relations among the variables. The results show that the speed of adjustment is relatively high error correction model and the model is able to adjust the 61% of short-term imbalance error, to achieve long-run equilibrium. According to the corresponding estimations, the relationship between real economic growth per capita and renewable energy consumption, combustible renewable and waste consumption and electrical energy consumption in both short-term and long-term is negative. Also Long-term results have showed a significant negative relationship between electrical energy consumption, renewable energy consumption combustible renewable and waste consumption and real economic growth per capita. So, in long- term, increasing one percent consumption of the mentioned variables, cause to decrease the real economic growth per capita to 0.71, 0.72 and 0.79 respectively.
Zakaria Farajzadeh
Abstract
In spite the global efforts to reduce energy intensity; Iran’s energy intensity has been increasing during the recent decades. To get a more detailed investigation of energy intensity, this study aims at decomposing energy intensity into its components including efficiency and structural change ...
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In spite the global efforts to reduce energy intensity; Iran’s energy intensity has been increasing during the recent decades. To get a more detailed investigation of energy intensity, this study aims at decomposing energy intensity into its components including efficiency and structural change as well as at examining driving forces behind Iran’s energy intensity components during 1973-2011. Energy intensity decomposition showed that efficiency changes accounts for the most of increased energy intensity. It is found in this study that income (GDP), capital- labor ratio and urbanization are the most determinants of energy intensity and its components. Regarding the non-linear relationship between energy intensity and driving forces of income and capital-labor ratio as well as the estimated turning points, income plays a significant role in increase of energy intensity while capital-labor ratio tends to induce a reduction in energy intensity. Although urbanization has a positive contribution to energy intensity via structural changes component, its dominant effect on improved energy efficiency leads to an overall effect of reduced energy intensity by more than 1.8% as 1% increase in urbanization. The results showed a limited effect for price and share of industry in GDP and left no significant role for economic integration and foreign direct investment. The corresponding value for these variables remain less than 0.05%. 1.0pt;line-height:85%;font-family:"B Zar";letter-spacing: -.2pt;mso-bidi-language:FA;mso-ansi-font-style:italic'>کار با شاخصهای شدت انرژی و نقطه عطف مترتب بر آنها در مجموع اثر درآمد در جهت افزایش شدت انرژی و اثر سرمایه در جهت کاهش شدت انرژی ارزیابی شد. اما شهرنشینی با وجود افزایش شدت انرژی از طریق تغییرات ساختاری از طریق بهبود کارایی در مجموع موجب کاهش شدت انرژی فراتر از 8/1 درصد به ازای 1 درصد افزایش شهرنشینی خواهد شد. اثر قیمت و سهم صنعت از تولید ناخالص داخلی بر شاخصهای فوق محدود و اثر متغیرهای شاخص ادغام تجاری و سرمایهگذاری خارجی قابل اغماض ارزیابی شد. رقم متناظر برای متغیرهای یاد شده بیشتر کمتر از 05/0 درصد به دست آمد.
Nematollah Akbari; Hooshang Talebi; Azam Jalaei
Volume 3, Issue 11 , July 2014, , Pages 66-29
Abstract
Among economical sectors of the country, residential sector is the largest final consumer of energy and despite other sectors; its energy intensity has an ascending trend. Accordingly, targeted subsidies law is one of the fundamental steps by implementing, the government aims to decrease energy consumption ...
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Among economical sectors of the country, residential sector is the largest final consumer of energy and despite other sectors; its energy intensity has an ascending trend. Accordingly, targeted subsidies law is one of the fundamental steps by implementing, the government aims to decrease energy consumption in residential sector. The aim of the present investigation is to express the effect of targeted subsidies law on the rate of consumption of electricity and natural gas within Isfahan households. For this reason, the research hypotheses have been analyzed by applying family ideas and formal statistics. Statistical population consisted of all families within 14 districts of Isfahan municipality. The Sample size, In order to investigate the hypotheses by applying the gathered data by means of a questionnaire and the significant reliability of 90%, consisted of 103 families and to investigate the first hypothesis by using formal data and the reliability of 95%, it was 365 families. The method of selecting participants was stratified random sampling. The analysis was based on deductive and descriptive statistical methods. The results demonstrated that there is no significant reduction in electricity and natural gas consumption according to the families declaration. Data analysis and formal statistics have also confirmed no significant decline in electricity consumption of families after implementing the law. In addition, there is not a significant difference between fourteen zones of the city in terms of the rate of changing the consumption of electricity within families. there have been some differences between zones in terms of the rate of changing the consumption of natural gas within families.
Shahram Golestani; Saeed Sadrzadeh Moghadam; Safieh Azimzadeh
Volume 1, Issue 3 , July 2012, , Pages 17-34
Abstract
One of the most important steps in establishing industrial plants, is location studies for determining the best location of industries. Because of the long run impact of this decision, and it’s significant impact on the economy, environment and society. Thanks to vast oil reserves, Iran is the ...
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One of the most important steps in establishing industrial plants, is location studies for determining the best location of industries. Because of the long run impact of this decision, and it’s significant impact on the economy, environment and society. Thanks to vast oil reserves, Iran is the fourth oil producer in the world. Insufficiency of refining capacity and increasing domestic demand for oil products, have made Iran an importer of oil product like gasoline. Running petroleum production at full capacity is very important and in this way the expansion of existing refineries or building new plants (construction of oil refineries) are appropriate plans ahead. Given the high costs of constructing oil refineries in the country by the state-owned oil industry, building a new refinery is too important in order to choose mechanism that minimizes the total costs. So Determining the best and most suitable place for building a new refinery is very important. This study using both GIS and econometric likelihood linear models like logit and probit seeks to determine the optimal location for establishing an oil refinery in various geographical areas of the country. In this study, some geographical criteria such as slope and elevation of land are used in the GIS section then all areas is studied and the areas that had the initial condition have been screened. Finally, using the logit and probit models, the suitable areas were analyzed based on economic criteria and final ranking has been done.
Sayed Kamal Sadegi; Saeed Ebrahimi
Volume 2, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 43-73
Abstract
Industrialization leads to emission of carbon dioxide from extensive use of fossil fuels. This study investigates the dynamic relationship between economic growth, trade freedom, coal consumption and carbon dioxide emission in Iran. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is designed to study ...
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Industrialization leads to emission of carbon dioxide from extensive use of fossil fuels. This study investigates the dynamic relationship between economic growth, trade freedom, coal consumption and carbon dioxide emission in Iran. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is designed to study the short term and long term relationship. After evaluating the model for unit root test, a logistic regression analysis was run on the basic of 1986-2012 data for the economy of Iran. Our findings indicate the existence of a significant correlation between economic growth, trade freedom and coal consumption with carbon dioxide emission. Thus the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve are confirmed both in the short-run and long-run. Panning for coal consumption reduction can be emphasized as a policy tool for emission reduction.
Rahman Khoshakhlagh; Marzieh Sotodehnia Corani
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2012, , Pages 43-65
Abstract
The purpose of this research work is the evaluation of the significant factors explaining concentration of air pollution in the city of Yazd and then explaining how the expected damage to the pollution can be evaluated. After estimating the costs due to air pollution created environmental net domestic ...
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The purpose of this research work is the evaluation of the significant factors explaining concentration of air pollution in the city of Yazd and then explaining how the expected damage to the pollution can be evaluated. After estimating the costs due to air pollution created environmental net domestic (EDP) production is damaged. EDP obtained is 4887930630 and this amout is based upon our research that shows each resident is willing to pay 4937 Rials where is what is being cost of the present is 1627.
Atefeh Taklif
Volume 2, Issue 8 , October 2013, , Pages 45-67
Abstract
Gas Exporting Counties Forum (GECF) in an inter-governmental institution, whose impact on gas market has always been a topical issue. The main body of research work done in this regard, which has been carried out mainly by experts in consuming countries, is centered around the analysis of GECF’s ...
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Gas Exporting Counties Forum (GECF) in an inter-governmental institution, whose impact on gas market has always been a topical issue. The main body of research work done in this regard, which has been carried out mainly by experts in consuming countries, is centered around the analysis of GECF’s impact on natural gas price in consuming markets. Unfortunately the question of homogeneity or heterogeneity of the member countries and the role which this question may play in the success of strategies and objectives of this organization has been left unattended. In this paper, we have first demonstrated the heterogeneity of member countries and then by using defined appropriate indices, member countries are ranked according to their impacts on policies and the realization of GECF’s objectives in the short, medium and long terms. The paper concludes, according to our defined criteria, that Russia, Qatar and Algeria are member countries with highest impact on GECF’s policies in the short and medium term, while Russia, Qatar and Iran are the three influential member countries regarding GECF’s long term policies.
Jafar haghighat; Mirtaher Purpertoi
Volume 2, Issue 6 , April 2013, , Pages 49-73
Abstract
Increasing demand for oil products in different parts, needs an increased storage capacity in the country.This requires substantial financial resources for investment. Currently almost all these funds and investments are provided through public sources. Many oil-rich countries, various methods are used ...
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Increasing demand for oil products in different parts, needs an increased storage capacity in the country.This requires substantial financial resources for investment. Currently almost all these funds and investments are provided through public sources. Many oil-rich countries, various methods are used to finance large oil projects; especially in the upstream sectors. Most of these contracts are known as traditional oil contracts. In addition to these methods, in recent years, other specific methods are used for financing oil projects, especially in the downstream sector, that mostly emphasize the capabilities of the private sector. These methods are called the PPP methods. By describing various methods of financing for construction of Tehran Strategic Oil Storage, this article is investigating the economic and financial aspects of these methods and models. To do so, the Comfar3 software is applied to analyse the feasibility Model, proposed by United Nations Industrial Development Organization and some important indicators of engineering economy for the decision making of the projects.
Hadi Dibavand; Ali Taherifard; Ali Faridzad; Atefeh Taklif; mohammad mahdi bahrololoum
Abstract
IRAN`s new petroleum contract is a new generation of service contract which aimed to fix bugs from Buy-Back model. In this model some incentives have inserted to increase contractors' motivations. In this study, we consider fiscal differences and revenue division of the two models in the case of phases ...
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IRAN`s new petroleum contract is a new generation of service contract which aimed to fix bugs from Buy-Back model. In this model some incentives have inserted to increase contractors' motivations. In this study, we consider fiscal differences and revenue division of the two models in the case of phases 4 & 5 of the South Pars gas field. This study is conducted by fiscal simulation for two mentioned models and comparison the results. It is concluded that, government revenue in Buy-Back model throughout the period of production in phases 4 & 5 is bigger around 29% and 11% respectively in regard of the net present value and the discounted net present value. Also, if in Buy-Back model, production decline starts at the first year after fiscal settlement with contractor by the rate of more than 3% yearly, then it is better for the government to employ new contract model instead of Buy-Back model regarding revenue
Masoud Derakhshan
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2014, , Pages 53-113
Abstract
After reviewing briefly the Iranian oil contracts from Reuter and D’Arcy concessions to buy-back contracts, we have examined the desired properties of oil contracts as follows: sovereignty and ownership over oil resources, national rights and interests in the chain of oil operations, transfer of ...
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After reviewing briefly the Iranian oil contracts from Reuter and D’Arcy concessions to buy-back contracts, we have examined the desired properties of oil contracts as follows: sovereignty and ownership over oil resources, national rights and interests in the chain of oil operations, transfer of technical knowledge and skills, and finally improvement in Government revenues resulting from oil production. An evaluation of oil contracts over a period of 140 years since Reuter’s concession in 1872 reveals the fact that the main attention of Governments has always been focused on gaining higher foreign exchange revenues. In principle, the sovereignty and ownership of oil resources have not usually been a conflicting issue amongst Governments and IOCs due to the fact that the permanent sovereignty over natural resources is well-recognized in international law. However, the point of prime significance is the identification of the impact of this property on the process of oil operations by IOCs, which depends entirely on the knowledge and expertise of NIOC. The other two properties are, more or less, emphasized in all oil contracts, yet without producing any tangible results due to the lack of endogenous efforts to advance technical knowledge and skills in oil industry as well as a change of Government’s outlook to the role and status of oil in economic development. Otherwise, contracts with IOCs cannot be expected to enhance technical and managerial capabilities of NIOC towards becoming a national-international oil company.
Ahmad Jafari Samimi; Seyed Modiddin Ahmadpour
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2011, , Pages 55-72
Abstract
The purpose of present research is to estimate and evaluate the nature of relationship between environmental performance and economic growth in developed countries. Studies about this issue have emphasized the impact of environmental performance on economic growth. But in this study the ...
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The purpose of present research is to estimate and evaluate the nature of relationship between environmental performance and economic growth in developed countries. Studies about this issue have emphasized the impact of environmental performance on economic growth. But in this study the impact of economic growth on improvements in environmental performance is investigated, which is the point of distinction of this study in comparison many studies about this issue. In present research, relationship between environmental performance and economic growth in developed countries is analyzed by using panel data econometric methods for 2006- 2008. The results show that economic growth in developed countries on environmental performance has a negative impact in the interval studied so that, increase economic growth in these countries, may load to environmental degradation.
Farhad Rahbar; Kioumars Heydari; hadi ghahramani
Abstract
Correct pricing power of the most important tools for comprehensive planning for safe and efficient use of electricity (consumption efficiency) and integrity investments to meet electricity demand (production efficiency) is considered. The purpose of efficiency Justifies pricing based on the first best ...
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Correct pricing power of the most important tools for comprehensive planning for safe and efficient use of electricity (consumption efficiency) and integrity investments to meet electricity demand (production efficiency) is considered. The purpose of efficiency Justifies pricing based on the first best (Price equal to marginal cost). on the other hand, Pricing based on marginal cost, resulting in a deficit (loss) for the firm if the Industry investigated is facing with economies of scale that should be covered. In the present study, the total cost of the long-term function for the electricity industry over the period 1373-1390 to form translog and directly (using the price of inputs and outputs industry) is estimated. Further, by extracting the optimal price based on different scenarios, the deficit resulting from this type of pricing is calculated and the share of the deficit in each of the sectors of production of transmission and distribution is determined. Ramsey pricing, block pricing, Repayment of the facilities derived from government In front obligations of the state for the difference in rates, using Privatization capacity and The installments of private sector With their claim the sale of electricity to the state-owned holding companies are the main solutions that In order to offset that loss, have been proposed.
Lila Torki; Maryam Farahani
Volume 1, Issue 2 , April 2012, , Pages 59-71
Mohsen Pourebadollahan Covich; Firouz Fallahi; Kioumars Heydari; Pouyan Kiani
Abstract
Since electricity distribution companies operate in various environmental conditions, their relative efficiency scores used for regulation purposes, should be corrected for environmental factors that could influence the underlying efficiency of them. This paper conducts efficiency correction for 39 Iranian ...
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Since electricity distribution companies operate in various environmental conditions, their relative efficiency scores used for regulation purposes, should be corrected for environmental factors that could influence the underlying efficiency of them. This paper conducts efficiency correction for 39 Iranian electricity distribution companies applying two stage (DEA and Tobit) analysis in 2015. Accordingly, first to the efficiency performances of the electricity distribution companies are determined using DEA. In the second stage, the Tobit model is emploied to determine the environment factors which may explain the calculated efficiency scores. Based on the results, the rainfall level and the customer mix have negative and positive effects on efficiency of electricity distribution companies, respectively. Hence, the primary efficiency scores of DEA are corrected for environmental influences. The comparison of the primary and the corrected efficiencies indicate a significant changes in the efficiency scores and the ranking of the Iranian electricity distribution companies, such that the efficiency of companies with higher rainfall and lower industrial customers relative to their average, have increased, and vice versa.
Reza Fahimi Doab; Ahmad Sabahi; Mohammad Hosein Mahdavi Adeli; Ahmad Seifi
Volume 3, Issue 12 , October 2014, , Pages 60-90
Abstract
The main and effective buyers and sellers of crude oil in global market are OPEC and OECD organizations that they are trying to change the prices in their favor. This paper investigated a game theory model for the two organizations which how to behave against each other in oil market. To examine the ...
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The main and effective buyers and sellers of crude oil in global market are OPEC and OECD organizations that they are trying to change the prices in their favor. This paper investigated a game theory model for the two organizations which how to behave against each other in oil market. To examine the factors and extent of influence of each mentioned organization on crude oil price offered an econometric model by using Johansen_ Juselius technique. Result shows that OPEC organization is effective on petroleum price with amount of crude oil supply and OECD organization is effective on it by harnessing oil reserves. The crude oil price is sensitivity to OPEC supply more than oil reserves is controlled by the OECD. So that OPEC organization can use it as a tool to increase bargaining power. Other variables can affect the crude oil price such as global economic growth and the effective real exchange rate America are analyzed in this paper. The result is that global economic growth has direct effect on crude oil price and real dollar exchange rate has an adverse effect on it.
Rahman Zareayan Mazrae Khosro; Hamed Shakouri Ganjavi
Abstract
The increasing use of cars in human life caused growth and development, but with the pervasive use of these vehicles, especially for personal use, it caused problems and harmful effects on health, economy and the environment. large parts of these effects are because of the amount and the way of energy ...
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The increasing use of cars in human life caused growth and development, but with the pervasive use of these vehicles, especially for personal use, it caused problems and harmful effects on health, economy and the environment. large parts of these effects are because of the amount and the way of energy consumption. To manage the fuel consumption, especially in the transportation sector, at first, it is necessary to extract the mechanism of consumption forming and then try to improve it. System Dynamics (SD) are the most important tools used in management and analysis and solving major economic issues. In this paper, first, by using Causal Loop Diagram (CLD), structure and variables affecting amounts of gasoline consumption are shown. In the next step validation of the simulation model is analyzed and after model validation, the price elasticity of gasoline demand of Tehran province is computed. This elasticity for short and long-term are -0.092 and 0.129, respectively. Calculated elasticites in this study decreased rather than previous research, these results refer to less proportion of gasoline price to individual incomes and higher need for transportation in Tehran.
