Mohammad Asiae; Naser Khiabani; Bighiyatollah Mousavi
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2012, Pages 1-24
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in the level of environmental emissions caused buy consunption energy in the manufacturing sector, after the adjustments made for energy subsidies. We first estimated the demand functions for energy for two digits (isic) manufactures within ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in the level of environmental emissions caused buy consunption energy in the manufacturing sector, after the adjustments made for energy subsidies. We first estimated the demand functions for energy for two digits (isic) manufactures within the period 1374-1386. The methodology in this study is based on the two-steps cost functions ,which in the first step the demand functions for a trans-log sub-model of energy (electricity, gas, oil and other energy carriers) and in the second step, the demand functions for manufacturing inputs (capital, labour and energy) were estimated. Then, we calculated the quantity of changes in the consumption of energy carriers by the means of price elasticitties, after omission subsidies and the changes in the level of energy consumption. The findings of this study are as follows: The Pindyck self-price elasticities of electricity, gas, oil and other energy carries show that one percent increase in the price of each of these variables cause 0.18, 0.34 and 0.87 percent decrease in the consumption, respectiuely. The most reduction emission is due to CO2 gas. Clearly, the most pollutent gas in manufacturing sector in due to CO2 gas.
Lotfali Bakhshi; Javid Bahrami; Farzaneh Mousavi
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2012, Pages 25-42
Abstract
countries. It seems that these effects have modified during the last four decades. In other words, the effects of the oil shocks of 1970s on the industrialized economies of the oil importing countries have been mostly followed by an overwhelming stagflation, although such severe effects have not appeared ...
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countries. It seems that these effects have modified during the last four decades. In other words, the effects of the oil shocks of 1970s on the industrialized economies of the oil importing countries have been mostly followed by an overwhelming stagflation, although such severe effects have not appeared after the oil shocks of 1990s. In this paper, with the use of Autoregressive (VAR) model, the attempt is to investigate the critical effects of oil shocks on some oil exporting countries like Iran, Venezuela, Nigeria, Norway and Canada. Based on impulse response functions in these countries, we will arrive at the conclusion that just in Norway and Canada, the effects of oil shocks on growth rate, inflation and real exchange rate have been decreased. In this case, the paper will argue that the role of exchange rate systems, monetary policies and different macroeconomic structure of these countries have caused milder effects of oil shocks in 1990s.
Rahman Khoshakhlagh; Marzieh Sotodehnia Corani
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2012, Pages 43-65
Abstract
The purpose of this research work is the evaluation of the significant factors explaining concentration of air pollution in the city of Yazd and then explaining how the expected damage to the pollution can be evaluated. After estimating the costs due to air pollution created environmental net domestic ...
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The purpose of this research work is the evaluation of the significant factors explaining concentration of air pollution in the city of Yazd and then explaining how the expected damage to the pollution can be evaluated. After estimating the costs due to air pollution created environmental net domestic (EDP) production is damaged. EDP obtained is 4887930630 and this amout is based upon our research that shows each resident is willing to pay 4937 Rials where is what is being cost of the present is 1627.
Hassan Dargahi; Mojtaba Ghorbannejad
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2012, Pages 67-100
Abstract
In this paper the impacts of energy prices reform and the implementation of compensation policies are evaluated on major macroeconomics variables. For this purpose, a macroeconometrics model is estimated by ARDL approach, based on the annual time series data for the Iranian economy within the period ...
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In this paper the impacts of energy prices reform and the implementation of compensation policies are evaluated on major macroeconomics variables. For this purpose, a macroeconometrics model is estimated by ARDL approach, based on the annual time series data for the Iranian economy within the period 1976 and 2007. In the specification of the model, relations between energy prices and output, inflation, consumption, investment, government budget, trade balance with regards to the government compensation policies, are considered. Using the dynamic simulation, forecasting for the period 2011-2015 shows high inflation and low economic growth in the scenarios of energy prices reform with and without the compensation policies, but high growth just in case of productivity improvement. Thus, the success of the energy prices reform and the targeted subsidy plan depend on the productivity promotion through the supply-side policies.
Seyed Kamal Sadeghi; Mohammad Ali MotafakkerAzad; Mohsen Pourebadollahan Covich; Atabak Shahbazzadeh Khiyavi
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2012, Pages 101-116
Abstract
A large portion of the world energy consumption is provided by fossil fuels, which cause massive emissions of dangerous pollutants into the environment leading to global warming and climate change. What is certain is the world's energy consumption in order to increase economic growth and the resulting ...
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A large portion of the world energy consumption is provided by fossil fuels, which cause massive emissions of dangerous pollutants into the environment leading to global warming and climate change. What is certain is the world's energy consumption in order to increase economic growth and the resulting greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, the consumption of fossil fuels is a growing trend. Therefore in the present study to examine the causal relationship between CO2 emissions (as an alternative to the destruction of the environment variable) and variables of FDI, per capita energy consumption and GDP in the form of an environmental Kuznets hypothesis in Iran during 1980-2008. To that end, The Toda-Yamamoto method, has been used to examine the causality relationship. The main finding of this study shows that there exists bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and energy consumption and unidirectional causality running from GDP to CO2 emissions. Given the existence of causal relationships between variables, the hypothesis of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in state variables that criterion economic growth CO2 emissions and energy consumption is to be confirmed, but in that case the criterion of economic growth, GDP is confirmed is not.
Ghahraman Abdoli; Pejman Amidi
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2012, Pages 117-144
Abstract
This paper considers the impact of the establishment of a gas cartel on extraction of this exhaustible resource. A simple intertemporal extraction model suggests a linear extraction rule with slope term common when discount rates are homogenous and differences in pricing behavior and costs determine ...
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This paper considers the impact of the establishment of a gas cartel on extraction of this exhaustible resource. A simple intertemporal extraction model suggests a linear extraction rule with slope term common when discount rates are homogenous and differences in pricing behavior and costs determine the intercept. As a result of comparing the amount of extraction in various market structures, we find out that when the market structure changes from competitive form to Stackelberg leader game, the amount of extraction decreases. Panel data regression exhibits a robust and stable linear extraction-reserves relationship and a significantly lower estimated slope within the countries with larger amounts of reserves. Moreover, this finding may be explained by the differences in discount rates.
Mostafa Gorgini; Shahram Golestani; Fatemeh Hajabbasi
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2012, Pages 145-168
Abstract
Awareness of the future oil demand is essential for OPEC member countries to determine priorities and policy selection for achieving economic growth and development. In this study, demand for OPEC’s oil, using time-series models Including Vector Autoregressive (VAR), and Autoregressive Integrated ...
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Awareness of the future oil demand is essential for OPEC member countries to determine priorities and policy selection for achieving economic growth and development. In this study, demand for OPEC’s oil, using time-series models Including Vector Autoregressive (VAR), and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models and an alternative model, artificial neural network (ANN) (using monthly data from 2001:1-2010:10), is predicted. To measure the ability of predictive power of the models, three criteria are used: Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results show that VAR pattern with the error rate of 6% for the sum of squared error, mean absolute error of 19% and 5% of the average of the absolute value is the most appropriate forecast for OPEC’s oil demand. Based on VAR model, it is predicted that demand for oil is growing over all the months in the year 2012. Also, the projected demand in 2015 shows that the demand for OPEC’s oil has a rising trend but in 2014 this trend will be slower.
Hamid Nazeman; Ehsan Haghdoost
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2012, Pages 169-196
Abstract
Statistics indicate a continuous growth in gasoline consumption for transportation in Iran. The volume of domestic consumption of gasoline in recent years has exceeded the country’s refining capacity, and a substantial volume has to be imported to meet the increasing demand for fuel. A ...
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Statistics indicate a continuous growth in gasoline consumption for transportation in Iran. The volume of domestic consumption of gasoline in recent years has exceeded the country’s refining capacity, and a substantial volume has to be imported to meet the increasing demand for fuel. A growing urban population, together with ever increasing popularity of cars and subsidized fuel prices are considered among the most significant factors for this phenomenon. Which, among other problems, has created a substantial burden for the public budget and a rather serious air pollution in urban communities. Although, rising fuel consumption and its environmental impact could be seen as a common problem in most countries today, it is noteworthy however, that technological progress in urban transportation has presented certain useful alternatives. This study attempts to use advanced econometric methods to postulate a perspective for the long term gasoline consumption in Iran. Subsequently, it proceeds to examines the economic feasibility of utilizing a more advanced automobiles (i.e. Electro Hybrid cars) as an alternative mean for urban transportation. Findings of the study indicate a rather substantial stream of benefits for the economy, in terms of reduced gasoline consumption, as well as, lower air pollution for urban centers.
