Hossein Sadeghi; Alireza Naseri; Leila Shahriari
Volume 2, Issue 8 , October 2013, , Pages 93-107
Abstract
Due to the growing demand for electricity it is inevitable to have new power plants. Given the large share of electricity production in thermal power plants, construction of gas burning power plants have particular importance. Because of the high construction cost of the new plants, it is advisable to ...
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Due to the growing demand for electricity it is inevitable to have new power plants. Given the large share of electricity production in thermal power plants, construction of gas burning power plants have particular importance. Because of the high construction cost of the new plants, it is advisable to start with improvement of the efficiency in the existing and plates. One important index in electricity industry, is the efficiency of power plants which concerns all the powerplants in the world. In order to increase it as much as possible, and reduce the loss of energy to a reasonable degree, this paper examined the performance impact of plant life and obtained 0.07 of electricity coefficient for the variable. We also examined other factors related to efficiency. Among the factors influencing efficiency of this type of power plants, the cost of fuel and average plant life and volume of production of electricity were also important. In this study a panel data from 34 gasplants in Iran was used for a period of 4 years (2008-2011).
Ali Rezaei; Hamid Amadeh; Timur Mohammadi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , April 2012, , Pages 93-126
Seyed Kamal Sadeghi; Mohammad Ali MotafakkerAzad; Mohsen Pourebadollahan Covich; Atabak Shahbazzadeh Khiyavi
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2012, , Pages 101-116
Abstract
A large portion of the world energy consumption is provided by fossil fuels, which cause massive emissions of dangerous pollutants into the environment leading to global warming and climate change. What is certain is the world's energy consumption in order to increase economic growth and the resulting ...
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A large portion of the world energy consumption is provided by fossil fuels, which cause massive emissions of dangerous pollutants into the environment leading to global warming and climate change. What is certain is the world's energy consumption in order to increase economic growth and the resulting greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, the consumption of fossil fuels is a growing trend. Therefore in the present study to examine the causal relationship between CO2 emissions (as an alternative to the destruction of the environment variable) and variables of FDI, per capita energy consumption and GDP in the form of an environmental Kuznets hypothesis in Iran during 1980-2008. To that end, The Toda-Yamamoto method, has been used to examine the causality relationship. The main finding of this study shows that there exists bidirectional causality between CO2 emissions and energy consumption and unidirectional causality running from GDP to CO2 emissions. Given the existence of causal relationships between variables, the hypothesis of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in state variables that criterion economic growth CO2 emissions and energy consumption is to be confirmed, but in that case the criterion of economic growth, GDP is confirmed is not.
Seed Rasekhi; Amir Khanalipour
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2011, , Pages 101-132
Abstract
This paper has examined the long memory of oil market volatility. For this purpose, the paper has employed different types of long run ARCH models including FIGARCH-BBM, FIGARCH-chung, FIEGARCH, FIAPARCH-BBM and FIAPARCH-chung and short run ones including GARCH, EGARCH, GJR AND APARCH with three different ...
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This paper has examined the long memory of oil market volatility. For this purpose, the paper has employed different types of long run ARCH models including FIGARCH-BBM, FIGARCH-chung, FIEGARCH, FIAPARCH-BBM and FIAPARCH-chung and short run ones including GARCH, EGARCH, GJR AND APARCH with three different assumptions of normal, t-student and generalized error distributions. Results obtained from all long run models indicate the volatility persistence, i.e. the long memory of oil market volatility. Furthermore, with regard to Akaike’s information criterion, FIAPARCH-chung with assumption of t-student distribution has the best performance. Also, according to Schwarz Criterion, FIGARCH-chung model with assumption t-student distribution is the best model in modeling volatility of oil market. Based on the results, long run models considering long memory property of volatility indicate a better performance than the short run ones. Finally, based on obtained results, asymmetric distributions including t-student and GED are found to be more suitable than normal distribution.
firouz Fallahi; Mohsen PourabdalhanQuech; Davood Bahboodi; Fakhri Sadat Mohseni Zanozi
Volume 2, Issue 7 , July 2013, , Pages 103-127
Abstract
Oil revenues make up the major part of revenues of the oil exporting countries. So, the fluctuation of oil price is very important for these countries. This study investigates the asymmetric effects of oil shocks on output in Iran over the period of 1369:1-1386:6 using the Markov switching approach. ...
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Oil revenues make up the major part of revenues of the oil exporting countries. So, the fluctuation of oil price is very important for these countries. This study investigates the asymmetric effects of oil shocks on output in Iran over the period of 1369:1-1386:6 using the Markov switching approach. The results suggest that the effects of oil shocks on output are separable into two regimes. In addition, the results also show that the effect of oil shocks over the recessions is significantly higher than that over the booms. In other words, the impacts of oil shocks on output in the Iranian economy over the booms and recessions are asymmetric.
Saeed Sadzada Mogadam; Zin al-Abedin Sadeghi; Ahmad Quds Elahi
Volume 2, Issue 6 , April 2013, , Pages 107-127
Abstract
This paper intends to estimate the energy demand function in industry section based on the two-stage optimization approach. Consequently, it defines the substitution elasticity between inputs. Energy demand estimation in various sections makes it feasible to define energy policies. At the first phase ...
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This paper intends to estimate the energy demand function in industry section based on the two-stage optimization approach. Consequently, it defines the substitution elasticity between inputs. Energy demand estimation in various sections makes it feasible to define energy policies. At the first phase the key influential factors on the energy demand function estimation in industry section which is one of high consumption section, were defined and at the next phase the elements of energy demand were determined through logit function and seemingly unrelated regression estimation and price and substitution elasticity were calculated.
Mohammad Reza Shokouhi
Volume 4, Issue 13 , January 2015, , Pages 117-168
Abstract
National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) is one of the most important Iranian Institutions that its survey is very crucial. In This Respect, Survey of NIOC’s decisions to vertically integrate into the contract of upstream development plans with use of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) view is important. ...
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National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) is one of the most important Iranian Institutions that its survey is very crucial. In This Respect, Survey of NIOC’s decisions to vertically integrate into the contract of upstream development plans with use of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) view is important. In this article, to achieve explaining complexity contractual relations between NIOC and its contractors, buy back contracts and other contracts equal buy and make have been considered respectively. In first Step, The results relatively support TCE’s hypothesis as determinants of organizational form. For the main purpose of this article, Econometrics models are estimated the transactions cost functions of competing organizational options. Estimation of those functions apply isolation of the effects of transaction attributes to each form of organization, it means make or buy, which is used for knowing about the relative impacts of hazards of exchange and internal costs. Estimation of those costs functions profitable for estimate of the transactions costs and incentive gains of outsourcing. The concept and nature of cost has been discussed in the beginning of the paper.
zeinolabedin sadeghi; Sahar Bahador; Mehdi Nejati
Abstract
Concerning the growing demand for electricity, the inability of governments to provide the necessary resources to invest in the electricity industry as well as increased prices of fossil fuels, a tendency has increased towards the issues of the economy of power systems. The aim of the present study was ...
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Concerning the growing demand for electricity, the inability of governments to provide the necessary resources to invest in the electricity industry as well as increased prices of fossil fuels, a tendency has increased towards the issues of the economy of power systems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of integrating power systems in countries bordering Iran using data of 2000-2011. To do this, the dynamic behavior of two scenarios was assessed up to 2030 using Vansim Simulation Software. Results of comparing two scenarios of self-sufficiency and free market revealed that creating an integrated market in the studied region resulted in decreased electricity price due to decreased capacity costs
Abdolrasoul Ghasemi; saeed Kayghobadi sani
Abstract
In this paper, the Panel SVAR model has been utilized on monthly data (2006-2018) to study and compare the direct and indirect effects of oil shocks on real price changes of selected agricultural products in oil exporting and importing countries. The results show that oil shocks, besides direct effect, ...
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In this paper, the Panel SVAR model has been utilized on monthly data (2006-2018) to study and compare the direct and indirect effects of oil shocks on real price changes of selected agricultural products in oil exporting and importing countries. The results show that oil shocks, besides direct effect, indirectly affect the prices through aggregate demand, currency and monetary shocks. The response of selected products to different types of shocks in two panels, depends on their degree of substitution to fossil fuels. As the soybeans and to some extent corn price changes, which are most used in the production of biofuels, vary by direction and pattern in two panels, while the price dynamics of wheat is similar. The share of currency shocks and interest rates in explaining price changes in importing countries is higher than the exporting countries, which the main cause can be traced to the more developed financial markets in importing ones. Also, the difference in price response to idiosyncratic and common currency shock in two panels indicates the necessity to study the behavior of each panel member separately. Therefore, a separate model for Iranian economy was also estimated for the purpose of more precise conclusions and policy proposals.
Abolghasem Golkhandan; Mohammad Alizadeh
Abstract
This study investigates the causal linkages between consumption of energy carriers and value added in the Iranian economic sectors for the period 1974-2013 by using the granger causality test in heterogeneous mixed panels. For this, the panel causality testing approach, the method developed by Emirmahmutoglu ...
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This study investigates the causal linkages between consumption of energy carriers and value added in the Iranian economic sectors for the period 1974-2013 by using the granger causality test in heterogeneous mixed panels. For this, the panel causality testing approach, the method developed by Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011) based on the vector autoregressive (VAR) model and Wald tests with the country specific bootstrap critical values, is applied. This test, accounts cross dependency and heterogeneity among the members of the panel and also, co-integration between variables. Based on the results, the existence of a unidirectional causality relation of oil and gas to value added and the existence of a bidirectional causality relation between electricity and value added in the service sector and the entire sectors is confirmed. In agriculture sector, there is only a causal relation of electricity on value added. In industry sector, the existence of a bidirectional causality relation between gas and electricity with value added and the existence of a unidirectional causality relation of value added to oil is confirmed. In transportation sector, there is a causal relation of gas and electricity to value added and there is a bidirectional causality relation between the oil and the value added. The results can provide important policy recommendations in planning and explaining energy sector policies at the level sector in country.
• مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
ahmad mosaee; mohammad ali hatefi; mohammad mahdi heydari asl
Abstract
The global interest in using natural gas has increased considerably, and some factors such as low cost, safety, availability, environmental advantages, technological development, and its applications especially for gas turbines, have caused petroleum fuels replaced by natural gas. Many technologic solutions ...
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The global interest in using natural gas has increased considerably, and some factors such as low cost, safety, availability, environmental advantages, technological development, and its applications especially for gas turbines, have caused petroleum fuels replaced by natural gas. Many technologic solutions proposed in the market are reviewing the challenges and opportunities of using natural gas for the sake of knowing the relevant productive ways. As one of these solutions, in this article, a model for selecting the best fuel in the natural gas value chain through four options has been introduced, Compressed Natural Gas, Liquefied Natural Gas, Dimethyl Ether, and Gas-To-Liquids. Based on a comprehensive study, the criteria affecting the decision are determined. Then, using a Delphi method and expert judgments, 20 final criteria were selected. After that, the criteria were ranked; using a group consensus among the experts with Kendall's coefficient of concordance equal to 0.808. To transform the ranks into the weights, the paper uses the Rank Order Centroid (ROC) method. Finally, the best fuel is determined, with the use of the Combined Compromise Solution (COCOSO) method. The results have shown that at first LNG and then CNG is the best options for Iran. The realities of the world are verifying the accuracy of the model.
Saeed Samadi; Nasser Yarmohammadian
Volume 2, Issue 5 , January 2013, , Pages 129-152
Abstract
Since the first inception in 1992 that the debate was started on the relationship between environment and growth, the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis has been subject of intense scrutiny. The most recent line of investigation criticizes the EKC hypothesis for the lack of sufficient statistical ...
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Since the first inception in 1992 that the debate was started on the relationship between environment and growth, the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis has been subject of intense scrutiny. The most recent line of investigation criticizes the EKC hypothesis for the lack of sufficient statistical testing of existence. Specially by introducing co-integration concept in time series data it is asked whether econometric estimations can show long-run inverted U shaped relationship between income and environmental pollution. On the basis of panel integration and co-integration tests, Stern (2004) and Perman and Stern (1999, 2003) have presented evidence and forcefully stated that the EKC hypothesis does not exist. In this paper by using fractional co-integration test, EKC is evaluated for 27 low middle income countries. The conclusions show according to classical co-integration test there is no co-integrated EKC based on HADRI statistics. Using fractional co-integration, evidences support a common EKC for countries: El Salvador, Nicaragua, Iran, Pakistan, Paraguay, Tunisia but our data does not give useful information about EKC existence.
fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#333333;mso-no-proof:no'>FARIMA) were applied using the daily oil price in order to forecast oil prices. To compare the forecast accuracy of the model, the prediction error criteria was used. The results showed that the performance of FARIMA is much better than the other two models.
Sharareh Majdzadeh Tabatabaei; Ebrahim Hadian; Mansour Zibaei
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to determine the amount of subsidy required to promote the share of renewable energy in total electricity production. To do so, different scenarios have been studied by a hybrid approach of Computable General Equilibrium model. The results have been created by entering ...
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The main purpose of this paper is to determine the amount of subsidy required to promote the share of renewable energy in total electricity production. To do so, different scenarios have been studied by a hybrid approach of Computable General Equilibrium model. The results have been created by entering the details of technology-specific information for electricity generation into this model. The result of codification and calibration of the model shows that in the case of applying same subsidy to achieve 10 present shares of renewable energies in total electricity production, there is a need for 851 percent subsidy rate. Although in this case the wind energy is the only activated resource and the solar and biogas sections have not succeeded in achieving any rise in production rate. The other scenario was based on the unequal subsidy, proportional to disadvantage of different renewable energy. The result shows that, to achieve a balance growth of 4 percent energy productions from renewable sources, the rate of subsidy for wind energy should be 887 present. This rate for solar is 1776 present and for biogas is 1585 present. So, in the first scenario, the proper tariff for purchase of electricity from renewable energy is 4100 Rials per kWh. This tariff in the second scenario is 4260, 8520 and 7600 Rials per kWh respectively.
Afsaneh Rahimi; Habib Morovat; Ali Faridzad
Abstract
The average of electricity consumption of Iranian households is higher than the global average. This could be due to price factors (such as low cost of electricity in Iran) and non-price factors (such as socio - demographic and psychological factors). In this study, the role of non-price factors such ...
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The average of electricity consumption of Iranian households is higher than the global average. This could be due to price factors (such as low cost of electricity in Iran) and non-price factors (such as socio - demographic and psychological factors). In this study, the role of non-price factors such as socio - demographic and psychological factors in the electricity consumption of urban households evaluated in Tehran. In this regard, using theoretical principles of behavioral economics and theory of planned behavior (TPB( analysis will discuss this topic. The purpose of the mentioned factors is providing non-price policies for more efficient type of household electricity consumption in Iran. The data on household consumption behavior through questionnaires and based on field data collected from 200 households in Tehran. Then, using linear regression is estimated based on econometrics techniques in which the dependent variable is electricity consumption (a 45-day period in Winter 2017) and the independent variables included socio-demographic variables: age, gender, size of family, income and the theory of planned behavior variables include attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control have been. The results showed that income and the number of household members is a significant and positive effect on electricity consumption, but the gender has no significant effect. Psychological variables perceived behavioral control has a significant effect on electricity consumption. Finally, with using behavioral biases that may cause attitudes and beliefs do not lead to action, the results of the study were analyzed.
Sidikamal Sadeghi; Reza Ranjpour; Nusrat Mokhtarzadeh Khaneghahi
Volume 3, Issue 10 , April 2014, , Pages 131-149
Abstract
Since energy resources are of prime importance and limitation in Iran's economic developments, specifying the quality and quantity of the effective factors in energy requirments are of particular significance. In this research, first the effective factors on energy request ...
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Since energy resources are of prime importance and limitation in Iran's economic developments, specifying the quality and quantity of the effective factors in energy requirments are of particular significance. In this research, first the effective factors on energy request as well as the effect of financial development along with GDP are surveyed. Then the population are surveyed in energy consumption along with ARDL technique using with Granger causality in the period of ( 1363-1390). Meanwhile, the long-run relationship among variables were verified using the test group of Pesaran. For more detailed evaluation of the obtained results of this study, the method of "bootstrap" is used to compute the standard deviation, confidence interval, correct bias and the statistical inference. The results show that financial development has a positive and meaningful effect on the electricity consumption. Also it show that there is bi-directional causality between financial development and economic growth. and causality is from financial development to electricity consumption. Electricity consumption is affected by both economic and financial development. According to the results of the study, to achieve economic development, the demand for energy, in addition to financial development should carefully examined.
Reza Eivazlu; Mohammad Sayyadi; Masoud Khademi
Abstract
As the first link between the host governments and oil companies, oil contracts arrangements have an important role to risk sharing between contract parties. In this regard, the main objective of this study is to provide a comparative evaluation of the risk factor (Cost Risk, Price Risk, Production Risk) ...
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As the first link between the host governments and oil companies, oil contracts arrangements have an important role to risk sharing between contract parties. In this regard, the main objective of this study is to provide a comparative evaluation of the risk factor (Cost Risk, Price Risk, Production Risk) of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) in Buy-Back (BB), Production Sharing Contract (PSC), and Iranian Petroleum Contract (IPC), and choosing the best contract based on the risk factor. Based on the results of the Wilcoxon Ranking Test, the average of the NPV of the NIOC in the IPC is more than the other types of contracts. However, the NPV in the IPC does not significantly differ from BB. Other findings revealed that the most risk of rising costs to the NIOC is related to the BB, IPC, and PSC, respectively. In addition, the most risk associated with a reduction in oil production is related to BB, IPC, and PSC, respectively. the most risk associated with the oil price reduction for the NIOC related to the IPC same as BB contracts that greater than PSC.
soroush Kiani; Javad Shahraki; Ali Sardar Shahraki; Ahmad Akbari
Abstract
Despite self-replenishing nature and lack of negative external effects of new energies, the energies entail higher costs than the conventional energy resources. The governments cannot afford these extra costs, and it needs to take part the public. This study examines extent of public participation in ...
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Despite self-replenishing nature and lack of negative external effects of new energies, the energies entail higher costs than the conventional energy resources. The governments cannot afford these extra costs, and it needs to take part the public. This study examines extent of public participation in the funding of these costs. The study employed the double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) contingent valuation (CV) method. We release 400 questionnaires under five corresponding prices. Two cost-related questions were asked from each participant (once twice the original price, and once half of that). The interviewees determined the extra cost they would incur, taking into account seven factors, namely: regional economy, demand for electricity, environmental considerations, diplomatic relations, safety, ethics, and the economy. The results suggest a willingness-to-pay of 46360 Rials (≈1.2USD) per month. The findings also indicate that the items including willingness to new energies, importance of environment and influence of the energies have the highest effect on the willingness of payment.
Seyed Mohammad Shahab Tabatabaee Atabak; Teymour Mohammadi; Morteza Khorsandi
Abstract
Market power refers to the ability to affecting to the market. The firm has a pricing power in the monopoly market. One of the types of monopolies is the cartel. Two important features of behavior in form of the cartel are the impact on the amount of production and price. In terms of production, the ...
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Market power refers to the ability to affecting to the market. The firm has a pricing power in the monopoly market. One of the types of monopolies is the cartel. Two important features of behavior in form of the cartel are the impact on the amount of production and price. In terms of production, the cartel controls the production through coordination among the members, and in terms of impact on prices, it affects the price of the market by controlling production. In this study, to investigate the market power of OPEC, this issue will be discussed that whether OPEC acts as a cartel, or not? Therefore, to measure the market power of OPEC, The behavior and coordination of OPEC members’ production decisions are being studied. The research hypotheses are as follows, there is coordination in behavior and production decisions between the production of OPEC and the production of OPEC members, and total production of OPEC determines oil prices in the global oil markets. To prove the first hypothesis, used ARDL bounds testing approach of co-integration, and for the second hypothesis, used Toda-Yamamoto tests. The data used in this study includes the production of OPEC members, global oil prices (Brent, Dubai and WTI), in the period of 1994-2016, quarterly and monthly and 1980-2016, annual. The results indicates that there is no long-term relationship between the production of OPEC members and total production of OPEC, also causality from oil prices to OPEC production, also the direction of causality is from oil prices to OPEC production.
Hosein Mohammadi; Shirin Zarif
Abstract
Given that economic growth is one of the main goals of many of the economic policies of governments, and these policies can have side effects, such as environmental damage, attention to factors that improve the performance of the environment is important. In this study, the effects of variables such ...
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Given that economic growth is one of the main goals of many of the economic policies of governments, and these policies can have side effects, such as environmental damage, attention to factors that improve the performance of the environment is important. In this study, the effects of variables such as energy intensity (as one of the common variables of energy efficiency), use of chemical fertilizers, human development index and industrial value added, on the environmental performance index for the two groups of OPEC and OECD countries have been investigated using dynamic panel data approach during 2007-2014. The results showed that the increase of variables such as consumption of energy intensity, consumption of chemical fertilizers and industrial value added would decrease the EPI, so that the increase of one unit in the energy intensity variable will result in a decrease of 0.019 and 0.029 units in the environmental performance index in OPEC and OECD countries. According to the results of the study, it is possible to reduce environmental pollution by adopting policies such as implementing stringent regulations for environmental pollutants and limiting the use of energy, along with economic growth.
Omid Motamedi sede; Bakhtiar Ostadi; ali hussein zadeh kashan; mohamad reza amin naseri
Abstract
The deregulation in power market is lead to competition among market participant to increase efficiency. In electricity market generation is the best candidate for iterance in competition to improve productivity and efficiency in resource allocation and offer lowest price by highest quality will be yielded. ...
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The deregulation in power market is lead to competition among market participant to increase efficiency. In electricity market generation is the best candidate for iterance in competition to improve productivity and efficiency in resource allocation and offer lowest price by highest quality will be yielded. In the pool-based electricity market, every Genco submits a bidding price in ten step offer to the Independent System Operator (ISO) for every hour of the next day. One of the most important parameters affecting the profitability of Genco’s and their bidding pattern is the cost of energy generation. Therefore, in this paper, taking into account the costs of fuel consumption, depreciation, maintenance, operation and utilization and other costs as factors affecting the production cost. In this article artificial intelligence algorithms applied to calculate the energy generation cost function at different levels of production (base load, partial load, and full load), broken down by fuel type. According to the results, the average cost per kilowatt-hour of energy with gas fuel is 398 Rials and diesel fuel is 500 Rials
Amir JAfarzadeh; Abbas Shakeri; Farshad Momeni; Ghahreman Abdoli
Volume 3, Issue 12 , October 2014, , Pages 144-177
Abstract
Following paper explores Iran & Turkmenistan's behavior in exporting natural gas to Europe. Taking this matter these two countries can be a potential of gas exporter to Europe. By using a framework of cooperative game theory, coalition among natural gas exporters and transmitters for the Nabucco ...
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Following paper explores Iran & Turkmenistan's behavior in exporting natural gas to Europe. Taking this matter these two countries can be a potential of gas exporter to Europe. By using a framework of cooperative game theory, coalition among natural gas exporters and transmitters for the Nabucco Project has been explored. In this paper we answer the question whether the two countries should go to the coalition for exporting gas to Europe or not. Moreover, we calculate bargaining power of these two countries. By having outcomes of following paper one can conclude that the both countries have profits to make the coalition for gas exporting among the Nabucoo project. Iran has more bargaining power than Turkmenistan so Iran can play important and active role to make a coalition to export gas to Europe among the Nabucco project.
Seyed Mohammadreza Seyednourani; Mohammad Alimoradi
Abstract
Pricing and risk sharing in oil and gas service contracts such as buyback has always been the most important challenges in the contracting design. Asymmetric information leads to agency costs such as moral hazard and adverse selection and the process of contracting is complicated. In this paper, by using ...
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Pricing and risk sharing in oil and gas service contracts such as buyback has always been the most important challenges in the contracting design. Asymmetric information leads to agency costs such as moral hazard and adverse selection and the process of contracting is complicated. In this paper, by using of agency theory, the process of buy-back contracts is modeled between the National Oil Company (NOC) and International Oil Company (IOC) with regard to moral hazard in case of risk averse and risk-neutral contractor. Finally, Mathematical modeling techniques are used to provide analysis of agency costs, and then optimal contract is extracted. An optimal contract is a contract in which the contractor will bear part of the increased costs. The results show that there is not corner solution for offering a contract, but the equilibrium relationship can be created between moral hazard, competition in the bidding and sharing the risk.
Zeinolabedin Sadeghi; Fatemeh Shamsodin pour; Hamid Reza Mirzae
Abstract
The feasibility Study of creating jobs in Renewable Energy using input- output approach renewable energy employment is important employment of this system because of new nature is more than fossil fuels. In this investing because of feasibility study creating new jobs in renewable energy, wind energy ...
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The feasibility Study of creating jobs in Renewable Energy using input- output approach renewable energy employment is important employment of this system because of new nature is more than fossil fuels. In this investing because of feasibility study creating new jobs in renewable energy, wind energy (the operation and construction) and solar energy (operations and construction) of the input-output approach is used. The input-output approach is used. The year 2011 is used for input- output table and this study MATLAB and Excel software used for estimation. In this study, three scenarios 10 and 30 and 60 percent is intended to increase the capacity of renewable electricity. The results show that in both operational and construction, The direct and indirect employment has increased.
Mohammad Hassan Fotros; Maryam Hoshidari
Abstract
Oil is one of the strategic commodities in any country because it is an important input of production process. According to negative impact of oil price fluctuations on the various sectors of the Iranian economy, stock market performance is an obstacle for investors based on results and performance respectively. ...
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Oil is one of the strategic commodities in any country because it is an important input of production process. According to negative impact of oil price fluctuations on the various sectors of the Iranian economy, stock market performance is an obstacle for investors based on results and performance respectively. So, we need a detailed understanding of oil price changes on the stock index. Determination of oil prices depends on many factors, most of which are beyond the control of the producer of oil. This issue depends on oil revenues affected by fluctuations of oil prices .This paper examines the volatility of oil prices on the Stock Exchange Volatility index using a multivariate GARCH model and employs monthly data for the period May 2001 to March 2016. The stationary test as well as test ARCH, to infer the existence of Arch on the variables, using the approach BEKK volatility in crude oil prices and efficiency regarding the Tehran Stock Exchange Index has been investigated. results of this study show the significant negative relationship between volatility in crude oil prices and volatility in Tehran Stock Exchange Index and There is also a significant negative relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and show that volatility returns Tehran Stock Exchange index exists.
Ali Taherifard; Mostafa Salimifar
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2014, , Pages 151-174
Abstract
Risk sharing between international oil companies and hosting countries is one of the most important issues in oil contracts. This paper studies the risk sharing between National Iranian Oil Company (Government) and IOCs in three generations of buy back contracts. IOCs’ Risk in buyback contracts ...
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Risk sharing between international oil companies and hosting countries is one of the most important issues in oil contracts. This paper studies the risk sharing between National Iranian Oil Company (Government) and IOCs in three generations of buy back contracts. IOCs’ Risk in buyback contracts are cost risk, delay risk, failure to achievement to production profile and declining oil price. Government’s risks are no conservative production, declining oil production, cost risk and overestimated cost risk. This paper shows cost and failure to achievement to production profile risks for IOCs and no conservative production, declining oil production risks for government have more significant effects on projects profitability. In the first generation of buyback contract, there is not suitable mechanism to manage these risks. In the third generation of buy back contracts, main risks are significantly decreased and the expected risks of parties are declined. within the decreasing the risks of IOCs in third generation of buyback contracts, IOCs reward has been increased. It seems incompatible with risk and reward sharing in contracts.
