Sharareh Kavosi; Mohammad Ali Falahi; Mohammad Javad Razmi
Abstract
In regulating oil contracts applying the appropriate contractual framework is necessary to meets the interests of both parties and maximize the absorption of foreign investment and advanced technology. In terms of distributing benefits between parties, the key element is the contract optimum flexibility. ...
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In regulating oil contracts applying the appropriate contractual framework is necessary to meets the interests of both parties and maximize the absorption of foreign investment and advanced technology. In terms of distributing benefits between parties, the key element is the contract optimum flexibility. Flexibility of financial regime in buy back contracts, participation in production and Iran new oil contracts through simulation of the financial model using Excel software and Visual Basic programming language under two rigorous and conventional scenarios has been studied for the first t in this manuscript. In rigorous scenario the parameters of buy back contract between Iran national oil company and Shell Co. and parameters of two other contracts are estimated in such a way that original and achieved results are the same. Then, the effect of the estimated parameters on the distribution of gross income and the efficiency of the parties is investigated and with the aim of analyzing the degree of flexibility of contracts, the sensitivity of the efficiency and receipts of the parties to the changing price and capital costs is studied. Results showed financial regime in participation contracts allow the parties to coordinate the contents and structure of the contract with its benefits. While some of the inefficient tools of buy back and Iran new oil contracts have led to a lack of optimal flexibility in changing economic conditions.
Jafar Haghighat; Mohammad Saleh Ansari lari; Pouyan Kiani
Volume 4, Issue 13 , January 2015, , Pages 89-116
Abstract
Enjoying the twelfth largest coal reserve in the world, only one percent of Iran’s energy consumption basket is supplied by coal. Now, Iran’s energy economy is under the influence of natural oil and gas resources, causing other more profitable energy resources to be neglected. The Underground ...
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Enjoying the twelfth largest coal reserve in the world, only one percent of Iran’s energy consumption basket is supplied by coal. Now, Iran’s energy economy is under the influence of natural oil and gas resources, causing other more profitable energy resources to be neglected. The Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) technology is a procedure to transform the underground coal into gas, resulting in improving the recovery of coal layers with different thicknesses and depths. This technology may be considered as a strategy to feed the domestic gas network with the synthetic gas of UCG. Therefore, Iran’s gas export capacity will be improved, helping domestic and foreign economy of energy. Implementing and using the UCG technology in Iran will help us take a leap toward the goals of upstream documents and orders of the Supreme Leader in the fields of oil and gas.
Hamed Sahebhonar; Mahdi Feizi; Mohammadreza Lotfalipour; Mahmood Hooshmand
Abstract
This paper analyzes and compares the behavioral responses of the operator to the fiscal regime of the two types of contracts, Iran Petroleum Contract (IPC) and Production Sharing Contracts (PSC) with using the dynamic optimization approach (dynamic programming method). This paper aims to numerically ...
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This paper analyzes and compares the behavioral responses of the operator to the fiscal regime of the two types of contracts, Iran Petroleum Contract (IPC) and Production Sharing Contracts (PSC) with using the dynamic optimization approach (dynamic programming method). This paper aims to numerically compute the amount of distortions caused by the petroleum contracts, which creates some distortion in the investor's decision regarding to the neutral case that means there is no contractual restrictions including government share of resource rent, tax, extraction timing, cost recovery limit and so on. The focal point of this paper is the application of the stochastic dynamic programming for a real oil field in order to achieve the numerical results and using the deadweight loss (DWL) as an actual measure for assessment of the distortion of the contract regarding the first best case (neutral path). Accordingly, with using the information of the South Azadegan field, the results show that both fiscal terms of IPC and PSC have distortionary effects and the DWL of the IPC is more than that of PSC. For instance, in the reference scenario and reference oil prices the DWL of IPC and PSC are 22/22% and 21/14% respectively.
Abdolrasoul Ghasemi; Atefeh Taklif; Teymour Mohammadi; fereshteh mohammadian
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate general strategies of the national document of Iran's energy strategy according to World Energy Council scenarios and based on robust strategy framework, to doing so, a standard political framework and its requirements was introduced and then surveyed to ...
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The main purpose of this study is to evaluate general strategies of the national document of Iran's energy strategy according to World Energy Council scenarios and based on robust strategy framework, to doing so, a standard political framework and its requirements was introduced and then surveyed to realize which strategies are robust to apply the mentioned political framework in the world depicted by each scenario. In compare to standard political framework in National Energy Strategy Document, no suggestion on energy sources diversification and new energies is proposed and no strategy is seen in the field of energy industry safety and to reduce the political and economic risks of investors. Eventually based on robust strategy, we only have two robust strategy in research and development context. But, in other seven political domain no robust strategy is observed, especially in Hard Rock Scenario, no strategy was seen in five axis from eight axis of main political context. Thus, it is advised to review the existing strategies according to opportunities and threats available in any scenario, and to formulate a comprehensive pattern for national energy policy accordingly. In this regards, it seems very important to design a mechanism to develop new energies, to reduce the political and economic risks for oil companies, to create a surveillance and evaluation system for national energy data, to provide a legal mechanism for negotiation, and finally to select an administrator capable to aggregate resources to implement the strategies in the best way possible
Jamshid Pajooyan; Teimour Mohammai; Faramarz Atbaei
Volume 3, Issue 11 , July 2014, , Pages 91-130
Abstract
System marginal price auction and pay as bid auction are common auctions in electricity markets. The present article discusses the impacts of selecting between different common auctions in electricity markets (system marginal price auction and pay as bid auction) on production efficiency, total efficiency ...
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System marginal price auction and pay as bid auction are common auctions in electricity markets. The present article discusses the impacts of selecting between different common auctions in electricity markets (system marginal price auction and pay as bid auction) on production efficiency, total efficiency and average expected price in an asymmetric information situation, where each player’s information about the marginal cost of the competitor is incomplete. A model is designed to conduct the comparative study of alternative auction mechanisms. The model is based on two profit maximizing players, with full information about their marginal cost and incomplete information about their competitor. Assumptions which has been used to construct the model are based on Iran’s electricity market structure. The outcome indicates that although production efficiency in alternative auction mechanism do not differ from each other, expected price under system marginal price auction is lower than pay as bid mechanism. Vice versa occurs in total efficiency.
Seyed Kamal Sadeghi; Seyed Mehdi Mousavian
Volume 3, Issue 12 , October 2014, , Pages 91-116
Abstract
It is clear that any planning and policy making about economic growth as one of the macroeconomic purpose’s, need to special consideration to the environment and its relationship with production. therefore, in this study, we employ a maximum entropy Bootstrap to assessment the causality between ...
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It is clear that any planning and policy making about economic growth as one of the macroeconomic purpose’s, need to special consideration to the environment and its relationship with production. therefore, in this study, we employ a maximum entropy Bootstrap to assessment the causality between carbon emissions and economic growth more accurate in comparison to conventional hypothesis tests based on asymptotic theory. We employ simulation based inference to investigate the causal relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth in Iran for the 1973–2010 period, both in a bivariate and a multivariate framework by including energy consumption per capita, financial development and openness variables in the model. In bivariate model, Our results indicate that there is uni-directional causality from GDP per capita to carbon emissions per capita while multivariate framework shows no evidence of a causal relation between carbon emissions and growth. Results indicate that there is uni-directional causality from GDP per capita to energy consumption per capita. So we can employ environmental policies without any reduction of economic growth.
mohamadnabi ShahakiTash; Ali Norouzi
Volume 3, Issue 10 , April 2014, , Pages 93-130
Abstract
In this study, we perform a parametric analysis of the energy structure, estimating the demand function of natural gas as well as assessing the factors affecting the short-run and long-run intensity of natural gas in Iran's energy-intensive industries during 2003-2010. The energy-intensive industries ...
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In this study, we perform a parametric analysis of the energy structure, estimating the demand function of natural gas as well as assessing the factors affecting the short-run and long-run intensity of natural gas in Iran's energy-intensive industries during 2003-2010. The energy-intensive industries consume on average 94.5 percent of total energy and over 97.5 percent of natural gas of entire industry. Findings indicate that the intensity of natural gas consumption in short-run and long-run is equal to 0.1493 percent and 0.1144 percent, respectively, and the energy-intensive industries have approximately operate efficiently in natural gas consumption. Assessing the trend of contribution and intensity of natural gas of energy-intensive industries indicates that total share of natural gas of 10 industries has been increased in the whole period and the amount of natural gas intensity (on average) has been decreased in short and long-run. The most important factor in increaseing efficiency in long-run is the reduction of substitution effect, and the important factor in the overall reduction of intensity of natural gas in short-term is reduction of positive budget effect. Accordingly, we can conclude that the change in prices of all production inputs is an important factor in the change of the intensity of natural gas and the other components (production and technology) have far less influence in determining the intensity of natural gas.
khalil jahangiri; Hasan Heydari; Seyed Ali Hoseini EbrahimAbad
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of electricity consumption in the industrial sector and the whole economy of Iran. For this purpose, the states of high and low efficiency of electricity consumption in the industrial sector and the economy was detected by using of markov ...
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The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of electricity consumption in the industrial sector and the whole economy of Iran. For this purpose, the states of high and low efficiency of electricity consumption in the industrial sector and the economy was detected by using of markov regime switching model during the period 1963 to 2014. The results show that the duration of low efficiency regime in the industrial sector is more stable than the high efficiency regime. The average duration of the low efficiency regime is 2.84 times of high efficiency regime. The results also show that the general level of prices and per capita production has negative and positive effect on the efficiency of electricity consumption in the industrial sector and the whole economy respectively. So, It is expected to improve the efficiency of electricity consumption in the national level and the industrial sector when inflation declines and economic growth occurs.
heshmatollah asgari; abbas behnood
Abstract
Given the dependence of industries and firms and the economy of a country on the continuous supply of energy, it is also important to provide an index and overall measure for evaluating the sustainability and sustainability of energy supply. Investigating the security of electricity supply using a variety ...
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Given the dependence of industries and firms and the economy of a country on the continuous supply of energy, it is also important to provide an index and overall measure for evaluating the sustainability and sustainability of energy supply. Investigating the security of electricity supply using a variety of indices has been evaluated and evaluated, depending on the choice of indices and how these indices combine with different interpretations and also an assessment of the stability and security of its provision. It will be for the decision makers and policy makers to adjust to the fluctuations. In this study, using the composite index, it has been attempted to evaluate and measure the security of electricity supply nationwide. In this study, using dependency indices on energy import, energy consumption intensity, gross domestic product per capita, national economy dependence on electricity, Herfindahl-Hirschman index and Shannon Wiener index, as well as weighted average method, combined security index The power supply has been measured. The results for the period 2001 to 2016 show that the overall security of electricity supply in Iran was moderate, but over the past 16 years, the size of the electricity supply has been moderately reduced
fotros mohammadhasan; mostafa omidali; amirmohammad galavani
Abstract
The aim of this study is to estimate the domestic balance of natural gas per capita in the Iran, as well as its forecast for the period 2017 - 2037. In this study, with employing dynamic models Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), at first, long-term and short-term elasticity of per capita natural ...
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The aim of this study is to estimate the domestic balance of natural gas per capita in the Iran, as well as its forecast for the period 2017 - 2037. In this study, with employing dynamic models Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), at first, long-term and short-term elasticity of per capita natural gas demand in Iran for the period 1981-2016 is estimated. Then with using a hybrid ARDL and ARIMA model, we predict the balance natural gas per capita up to the year 2037. The results show that amount of per capita natural gas demand will reach 4177.36 million cubic meters in 2037, as well as the amount of per capita natural gas supply will reach 3417.26 million cubic meters in this years. For responding this excess demand should be adopting policies to increase production or constrainting natural gas demand.
Zahra Karimi Moghari; Shahryar Zaroki; Hamidreza Taghipour Khoeini
Abstract
It is common to use the criteria of Energy intensity in micro levels for showing the efficiency of manufacturing systems, and in macro levels for comparing the productivity level of energy between countries. Accordingly in this research we investigate the effect of gasoline price with the rest of macro-economic ...
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It is common to use the criteria of Energy intensity in micro levels for showing the efficiency of manufacturing systems, and in macro levels for comparing the productivity level of energy between countries. Accordingly in this research we investigate the effect of gasoline price with the rest of macro-economic variables on energy intensity in Iran and Turkey in the period of 1980-2013, by using of both Johansen-Juselius and error correcting models. The estimated results show that the gasoline price has negative effect on Energy consuming intensity in both countries, so that increasing the gasoline price in Turkey has leaded to more decrease in energy consuming intensity in short- run and long-run. Although Technology had negative effect on energy intensity in both countries in long-run, but in Iranian economy, it had positive effect in short-run and shows that manufacturing technological change in the country couldn’t have led to improve efficiency. Also in both countries, the policy of reforming energy prices was effective through decreasing subsidy on energy carriers.
مطالعات اقتصادی مرتبط با حاملهای انرژی (فسیلی، تجدیدپذیر و برق)
Mohamad Sayadi; Siab Mamipour; Hoda Talebi
Abstract
Due to the increasing use of storage as one of the effective methods for peak demand management and increasing the reliability of the electricity network, prioritizing the use of storage is necessary. The purpose of this study was to conduct a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to prioritize ...
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Due to the increasing use of storage as one of the effective methods for peak demand management and increasing the reliability of the electricity network, prioritizing the use of storage is necessary. The purpose of this study was to conduct a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to prioritize selected sub-distributive substations of Tehran for peak shaving, curve leveling, and economic criteria using battery storage. Also, the Shannon entropy weighting method and SAW implementation method were implemented. After prioritizing the posts and identifying the priority posts, we determine the appropriate size of the storage and determine the delay time, and the amount of benefit from delaying the development of the post when using the electrical energy storage. In this study, we used real data obtained from Tehran Regional Electricity and the data used for the 63 to 20 kW substations “EKBATAN”, “AZADI”, “AZARBAIJAN”, “ABOUZAR”, “SINA”, “DEPO”, and “YAKHCHI-ABAD”. The results show that the maximum installed storage capacity calculated for the priority post (i.e. DEPO) is 119.66 MWh and the maximum storage capacity is 18 MW. The most suitable storage size for installing is 120 MWh. Using the storage at the selected post will delay the development of the post for 7 years and the economic benefit is 40% of the investment cost.
Allah Morad Seif; Davoud Hamidi Razi
Abstract
Increasing the efficiency of production factors poses as a main part of the overall Iranian resistance economic policies explicitly pointed out at paragraphs 3, 4 and 20. In the meantime, energy efficiency increase has been highly regarded through country's policy makings. Because increasing energy ...
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Increasing the efficiency of production factors poses as a main part of the overall Iranian resistance economic policies explicitly pointed out at paragraphs 3, 4 and 20. In the meantime, energy efficiency increase has been highly regarded through country's policy makings. Because increasing energy consumption intensity not only leads to waste resources, but also environmental deadlock as well as reduces ecological strength. In this regard, the realization of quantitative and qualitative structure of the knowledge-based economy in the country and the provinces could culminate in energy consumption intensity reduction.
Regarding to cases mentioned above, this study aims to investigate the relationship between selected indicators of knowledge-based economic structure and energy intensity index among provinces of Iran during the period of 2010-2013. Therefore, the econometric models of study stipulated within the framework of panel data and coefficients were estimated by panel GLS estimator. According to the results, variables of Internet penetration rate and intensity of mobile phone subscribers have negatively and positively affected energy intensity index of provinces respectively. Furthermore, intensity of employees with Associate and BA degrees significant and negative affects on energy intensity of provinces. Also, the intensity of employees with Graduate Studies significantly decreases provinces energy intensity but less than the first.
Shahryar Zaroki; Mani Motameni; Amirhossein Fathollahzadeh
Abstract
Assessing the value of petrochemical industries on the one hand as strategic industries in the provision of raw materials of other parts and on the other hand, given the high weight of the formation of the stock market in Tehran, it is important. This industry, while influencing developments in other ...
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Assessing the value of petrochemical industries on the one hand as strategic industries in the provision of raw materials of other parts and on the other hand, given the high weight of the formation of the stock market in Tehran, it is important. This industry, while influencing developments in other markets, especially the oil market, which has a significant impact on other markets, in particular the financial market. The stock prices of the petrochemicals in the stock market are heavily dependent on the price of petrochemical products, as well as the high dependence on oil price changes on global markets. Therefore, the analysis of the relationship between petrochemical price and oil price requires an asymmetrical model. In this study, the effect of oil price on value of the petrochemical industry in asymmetric shape in 2008-2017 periods daily basis has been analyzed using model Shin et al (2014). For this purpose, a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach has been used. The findings indicate that these industries could be the channel for transferring global oil price fluctuations to the total stock market in Tehran. In the short term, anonymity is confirmed by the impact of the oil price on the value of the petrochemical industry. As oil prices decline, the value of petrochemicals decreases, but with increasing oil prices there will not be an increase in the value of petrochemicals. In the long run, oil prices are ............
Shaker Mohammadi; Ali Emami Meibodi; Afshin Javan; Amir Hossein Fakehi
Abstract
Importance of long-term planning in the energy sector and employing policy design tools are focal and strategic issues of the country. The main objective of this paper is to measure the supply (Energy Transformation) and demand of energy during the period of 2014-2042 according to the reference scenario ...
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Importance of long-term planning in the energy sector and employing policy design tools are focal and strategic issues of the country. The main objective of this paper is to measure the supply (Energy Transformation) and demand of energy during the period of 2014-2042 according to the reference scenario and policy scenarios, and to calculate the amount of oil and gas savings under the new scenarios of supply and demand management of the reference scenario. The results of modeling below various energy sectors indicate that energy demand will increase from 1321 MBOE in 2014 to 2471.3 MBOE in 2042. By defining new scenarios and adopting demand and supply management policies, the amount of crude oil savings in the projected year is 702.6 MBOE, which is higher than the base year's crude exports. This result attributed to crude oil exports will be added in the planning horizon. This paper concludes that the move towards utilizing energy demand management and energy supply (Energy Transformation) policies, as well as replacing the renewable energy sources of wind and solar instead of fossil fuels.
zahra azizi
Abstract
One of the important issues in the energy economy for policy making is the proper understanding of energy demand and the correct estimation of price and income elasticity. So far, extensive efforts have been made to estimate the elasticity of the energy demand in Iran, but the problem of the asymmetry ...
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One of the important issues in the energy economy for policy making is the proper understanding of energy demand and the correct estimation of price and income elasticity. So far, extensive efforts have been made to estimate the elasticity of the energy demand in Iran, but the problem of the asymmetry of the demand dynamics and the change in the coefficients of the model during the boom and recession have been less widely considered. Therefore, in the present paper, considering the threshold error correction model, the dynamics of energy demand in Iran during the period of 1978-2014, is estimated with the consideration of the difference in the recession and economic boom. The results of this study indicate that there are two different regimes in energy demand dynamics in Iran. In recession, price and income elasticity of demand as well as the speed of adjustment is lower. While at the time of the boom, the flexibility of the demanders for reaction was greater, and so the price and income elasticity and speed of adjustment were higher. On this basis, although energy demand is inelastic at the time of the boom and in recession, and hence the implementation of pricing policies cannot be effective on demand, the effectiveness of these policies can be greater during the economic boom than the recession.
Mansour Zaraanjad; pouyan kiani; Salah Ebrahimi; Ali Raoofi
Volume 2, Issue 5 , January 2013, , Pages 107-207
Abstract
Crude oil prices are influenced by many factors. Inclusion of all these determinants in a single model is complex and inefficient. In this case, using time series approach might be appropriate. In the later method past behavior of oil prices is used to forecast its future volatility. Several time series ...
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Crude oil prices are influenced by many factors. Inclusion of all these determinants in a single model is complex and inefficient. In this case, using time series approach might be appropriate. In the later method past behavior of oil prices is used to forecast its future volatility. Several time series studies were conducted to forecast oil prices using methods such as autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models and artificial neural networks (ANN). All these methods need a large volume of data to have accurate forecasting. One way to overcome this limitation is to use fuzzy regression (FA) models which can give more accurate forecasting with less data. In this study, the three methods, fuzzy regression, ARIMA and fuzzy autoregressive integrated moving average (FARIMA) were applied using the daily oil price in order to forecast oil prices. To compare the forecast accuracy of the model, the prediction error criteria was used. The results showed that the performance of FARIMA is much better than the other two models.
Mohammadmahdi Askari; Hamidreza Maboudi
Abstract
This research is modeling third generation of buy back oil contracts by considering a double moral hazard and employing Cubb-Douglas production function. The result shows that buy-back oil contracts are not in the first best or second best in double moral situation. Ove to this type of contracts is a ...
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This research is modeling third generation of buy back oil contracts by considering a double moral hazard and employing Cubb-Douglas production function. The result shows that buy-back oil contracts are not in the first best or second best in double moral situation. Ove to this type of contracts is a cost plus contract and the payoff of the contractor is fixed, in double moral hazard the production is affected by the level of action of both parties, for nearing to the optimum point. Hence, the contract should be the long-term and the pay off of the project should be shared between parties.
Saeed Shavvalpour; Armin Jabbarzadeh; Hossein Khanjarpanah
Abstract
Crude oil price risk is crucial for oil exporting countries. Consequently, developing a risk hedging mechanism has great importance for these countries. Given that Value at Risk (VaR) is one of the most powerful tools for evaluating price risk, this paper has tried to design a mechanism for risk management ...
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Crude oil price risk is crucial for oil exporting countries. Consequently, developing a risk hedging mechanism has great importance for these countries. Given that Value at Risk (VaR) is one of the most powerful tools for evaluating price risk, this paper has tried to design a mechanism for risk management of Iranian oil revenues using the VaR measure. In this regard, Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity models including GARCH, CGARCH and EGARCH with different destiny distribution functions are utilized for calculating VaR of OPEC crude oil price in the period of 6 October 2005 to 29 August 2015. The results show that CGARCH model with t-student distribution outperforms the other methods in terms of forecast error measures. The implementation of CGARCH model with using the data of Iranian oil production in 2014 reveals that the proposed model can lead to a significant surplus income.
Hamed Sahebhonar; Kamran Nadri
Volume 3, Issue 9 , January 2014, , Pages 115-149
Abstract
The performance of nation’s economy in terms of realization of social justice can be addressed by studying the variation of quantitative indexes such as income distribution, poverty and social welfare. Several studies have been accomplished investigating the role of oil revenues in economic development ...
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The performance of nation’s economy in terms of realization of social justice can be addressed by studying the variation of quantitative indexes such as income distribution, poverty and social welfare. Several studies have been accomplished investigating the role of oil revenues in economic development of oil exporting countries. However the issue of income distribution and the process of the effect of oil revenues on it haven’t been adequately surveyed. There are several theories among the development economists saying the revenues of mineral industries such as oil and gas, cause the intensification of inequality in the economy. Using Bayesian Vector Autoregression (BVAR) approach and considering the variables of Gini index, inflation, GDP per capita without oil, share of government expenditure to GDP, proportion of consuming expenditure to construction expenditure of government, and the real per capita oil revenues, we addressed the relationship between oil revenues and the income distribution in Iran in the period of 1973-2010. Six different prior densities such as Minnesota and SSVS have been used to estimate the model coefficients and the impulse response functions and the variance decomposition have been computed. The results show that the increase of oil revenues has tended to increase of inequality in Iran. In addition, the increase of inflation, government expenditure, and the proportion of consuming expenditure to construction expenditure increase the inequality. But the increase of GDP per capita decreases the inequality.
Zohreh Shirani Fakhr; Rahaman Khoshakhlagh
Abstract
In this study, we estimate the demand for energy in the industrial subsectors of Iran in terms of double-digit ISIC classification using structural time series model (STSM) over the period of 13601981-20091388. As a case study, we alsoAlso, as a case study we estimated the demand for energy in subsection ...
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In this study, we estimate the demand for energy in the industrial subsectors of Iran in terms of double-digit ISIC classification using structural time series model (STSM) over the period of 13601981-20091388. As a case study, we alsoAlso, as a case study we estimated the demand for energy in subsection subsectors of textile, apparel and leather products. Furthermore, we try to determine considered the role of different climates in energy demand of the industrial subsectors. Because Since the Targeting of Subsidies Plan was approved by the Iranian parliament at the end of 13892010, so we evaluated the role of this plan on energy demand of industrial subsectors too. By estimating the demand functions of electricity, natural gas, gas oil and mazut in subsection textile, apparel and leather products, it is found thatThe estimation results of demand for electricity, natural gas, gas oil and mazut fuel oil in three subsectors show that the estimated short-run price elasticities of these energy carriers are inelastic. The estimated long-run price elasticity of electricity is inelastic and long-run price elasticity of natural gas, gas oil and fuel oil mazut are more than unit. The estimated short-run output elasticities of these energy carries are inelastic and long- run output elasticities of electricity, gas oil and fuel oil mazut are inelastic and long- run output elasticitiy of natural gas are elastic. The result shows that the best climate for manufacture in textile sector is mild and humid climate. The results suggest that the nature ofAlso the trend of natural gas and fuel oil mazut demand are not linear and deterministic but stochastic in form andbut for electricity demand isn linear and deterministic. In aAdditionally, the result of evaluating effect of the Targeting of Subsidies Plan shows that the estimated demand for natural gas and fuel oil mazut demand functions can explain the impact of this policy.
Mostafa Salimifar; Alireza Ghadimi
Abstract
Utilizing modern financing methods have been focused by governments either for low public budgets or for higher cost productivity of private sector. The financing method of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) is one of the most applicable methods for participation of private and public sectors. This paper examines ...
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Utilizing modern financing methods have been focused by governments either for low public budgets or for higher cost productivity of private sector. The financing method of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) is one of the most applicable methods for participation of private and public sectors. This paper examines two price determination methods in Iranian electric industry and compares them. Two pricing methods are compared in this paper: 1) two parts pricing (i.e. one part of price is extended and one part of price is non-extended during the operation period of the project) and 2) one part pricing (i.e. totally extended pricing during the operation period of the project). The results show that applying either model depends on policies of government against deregulation of prices.
Ali Taherifard; Mohammad Shirijian; Mohamma Reza Mehrafshan
Abstract
National Iranian Oil Company as the second largest oil company in the world and the biggest business complex of Iran has an undeniable importance in Iran, and its activities and management have significant impact on economic and political spheres of the country. The issue of reforming the NIOC articles ...
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National Iranian Oil Company as the second largest oil company in the world and the biggest business complex of Iran has an undeniable importance in Iran, and its activities and management have significant impact on economic and political spheres of the country. The issue of reforming the NIOC articles of association has been a matter of discussion for years in the legislative and administration departments. The stated reasons could be the separation of state duties from the company duties, defining company’s scope of work, omission of additional advantages and adjustment with the new upstream legislations. This study is an attempt to answer the question of “what are the features and principles of a desirable NIOC articles of association?” This question is dealt with by analyzing the past NIOC articles of association as well as examining the selected similar articles of association from National Oil Companies world-wide. Based on this analysis, the acts such as concentration of NIOC on company duties and administrative affairs, not being involved in government affairs and subsequently submission of all the responsibilities and authorizations related to conservation, controlling and supervision on upstream activities to The Ministry of Petroleum are suggested to the National Iranian Oil Company. Considering the professional and business essence of NIOC responsibilities, the activities of the company must be performed in a competitive context with no specific exclusive advantage. More specifically, NIOC can succeed in a competitive environment only under the circumstances of facing the risks inherent in its activities.
Alireza Ghafari; Atefeh Taklif
Abstract
The lack of observing maximum efficient recovery in the process of production from South Pars-North Dome super-giant field has resulted in serious damage to its rate of recovery. Despite the existence of conventional strategies for exploiting joint fields in international treaties, Iran and Qatar has ...
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The lack of observing maximum efficient recovery in the process of production from South Pars-North Dome super-giant field has resulted in serious damage to its rate of recovery. Despite the existence of conventional strategies for exploiting joint fields in international treaties, Iran and Qatar has not attempted to utilize these treaties in order to arrive at an efficient production trajectory. To achieve a feasible strategy, the use of rational decision-making model is recommended in this paper. This will allow both countries to formulate joint decisions in reservoir management towards achieving maximum efficient recovery from this field should the conditions and assumption of the model are satisfied. In order to achieve this objective it is necessary that both countries initiate fundamental improvements in their oil and gas legal systems. Hence a number of necessary improvements are introduced upon the identification of some weaknesses in oil and gas law in both countries.
Mohammad Ali Motafakkerazad; Robab Mohammadi Khaneghahi
Volume 1, Issue 3 , July 2012, , Pages 89-106
Abstract
Countries efforts to achieve rapid economic growth and lack of adequate attention to environmental issues in recent years have caused serious damage to the countries environment. Hence, examining factors affecting the quality of environment is more important. This article aims to investigate the Impact ...
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Countries efforts to achieve rapid economic growth and lack of adequate attention to environmental issues in recent years have caused serious damage to the countries environment. Hence, examining factors affecting the quality of environment is more important. This article aims to investigate the Impact of economic growth, energy consumption and openness on Environment pollution in Iran from 1967-2007. This paper uses some econometric techniques, including Johansson approach and DOLS model to explore the influence of economic growth, energy consumption and openness on Environment quality. The result of the analysis reveals a positive sign for the coefficients of economic growth, energy consumption and openness. Also the findings does not support the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and invironmental pollution.
